Adoption of Mike and Russ, 10062

• Decision Date: 20 June 1977
• Docket Number: No. 10062,10062
• Parties: ADOPTION OF MIKE AND RUSS.
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals

Page 706

553 S.W.2d 706

ADOPTION OF MIKE AND RUSS.

No. 10062.

Missouri Court of Appeals, Springfield District.

June 20, 1977.

Motion for Rehearing or to Transfer to Supreme Court Denied

July 11, 1977.

Phillip S. Huffman, Hartville, Jerry L. Redfern, Springfield, for petitioners-respondents.

Paul F. Reichert, Sherwood, Bruer & Reichert, Springfield, for appellant.

Before STONE, P. J., and HOGAN and TITUS, JJ.

TITUS, Judge.

Petitioners, husband and wife, filed their petition July 12, 1974, to adopt brothers Mike and Russ. The natural mother, a sister of petitioner husband, gave her written consent to the adoption (§ 453.030-3) ¹ but the natural father did not consent and contested the action. After the trial court entered a decree of adoption pursuant to § 453.080, the father appealed.

The principal issue litigated was whether the father's consent to the adoption could be dispensed with because he had "for a period of at least one year immediately prior to the filing of the petition for adoption, either willfully abandoned the (children) or willfully neglected to provide (them) with proper care and maintenance." § 453.040(4). The decree was predicated upon a finding of the existence of the second statutory alternative.

Mike, born September 26, 1970, was seven or eight months of age when his father separated from his mother in April or May 1971 and moved to California where he has resided ever since. Russ was born August 16, 1971, some three or four months subsequent to his father's departure and has never seen his father. The natural parents were divorced in November 1971. While we are told the divorce decree was silent as to the amount of child maintenance required of the father, this would not relieve him of his primary and continuing duty to support his sons. State v. Arnett, 370 S.W.2d 169, 174(13) (Mo.App.1963); In re Adoption of P. J. K., 359 S.W.2d 360, 365 (Mo.App.1962); 27B C.J.S. Divorce § 319(1)b, p. 593.

The father remarried in May 1972. He and his present wife have a son who was three years old in February 1975. After the father left Missouri, the boys lived with their mother in a house trailer located on the home property of the childrens' maternal grandparents. The mother remarried in 1972. For all intents and purposes, the boys were in the actual care and custody of the maternal grandmother all of their lives until they were placed in the custody of petitioners.

The Petitioners' Case : The first week after the natural parents separated in early 1971, the father sent the mother $15. Thereafter nothing was heard from the father until May 1974 when he sent each boy a $10 money order, a $2.98 toy tractor, a six or eight line letter, and a picture postcard. ² During the same month he also placed a telephone call, briefly talked to each boy and, via letter, asked the grandmother for a picture of the boys which she sent accompanied by a letter bearing the salutation, "Dear Robert." The grandparents "always treated (the father) like one of the family," they had never threatened him with harm if he tried to see the boys and no one had told the father not to send money, clothing or toys to the boys or not to attempt to communicate with or about them. The grandmother said that "about three times a year" she had received from the father's aunt small money orders with directions to buy something for the boys. These money orders usually arrived during a holiday season such as Christmas or Easter. The aunt was described as a "friend" of the grandmother and her letters did not indicate the money used to purchase the money orders or checks had been contributed by the father.

The Father's Case : The father agreed he personally had not sent any money to the mother or the boys or to anyone in Missouri from early 1971 ($15) until May 1974 ($20). His explanation for this was that he did not have a job when he first arrived in California and thereafter when he obtained employment (although it was not the every-day-of-the-week type of employment), his working hours did not permit his attendance at the post office or at a bank during times when money orders and checks were sold. He stated, however, that when he was jobless, he borrowed money from his aunt and thereafter, subsequent to obtaining employment, gave money to his aunt which she sent, via money orders or bank checks, to the mother or the maternal grandmother. The father estimated he had sent about $1,500 "for the children" through his aunt between 1971 and 1974. Probably in 1972, according to the father, he wrote the maternal grandmother three times asking that the boys (at the most then two and one years of age) be allowed to visit him in California and offering to send them plane tickets if this was agreeable. The father said that when he received no reply to these letters he did not write again until May 1974. The father undertook to introduce as exhibits certain money order and bank check stubs or receipts supposedly representing money he had given his aunt to send to the mother or the maternal grandmother. The offers of these purported exhibits were refused because the items were not properly identified and were hearsay. Nonetheless, it is noted that the rejected exhibits, had they constituted proper evidence, showed total payments of $191.50 in 1973, $20 paid in 1974 before adoption proceedings were commenced and no payments in 1971 or 1972. No complaint is directly made on appeal concerning the trial court's refusal to admit these purported exhibits.

Except for the possibility of equitable adoption, the right of adoption in Missouri depends upon the provisions of Ch. 453, considered to be a code unto itself. No adoption may be effected without compliance with the terms of that code. Being in derogation of the common law, the adoption statutes are to be strictly construed in favor of the natural parents. In re Adoption of J. M. K., 363 S.W.2d 67, 70(3-6) (Mo.App.1962). Nevertheless, the required degree of compliance with respect to adoption statutes is "substantial" and not "literal." In re Adoption of J______, 396 S.W.2d 257, 261(2) (Mo.App.1965); 2 Am.Jur.2d, Adoption, § 49, at p. 900. Also, in considering the construction of any particular section of Ch. 453, regard must be had to the purpose and intent of the legislation as evidenced by all provisions of the code which contain the theme that the welfare of the child is the paramount consideration. In re E. C. N., 517 S.W.2d 709, 712(6) (Mo.App.1974); In re C., C., & C., 380 S.W.2d 510, 514(2) (Mo.App.1964).

"(T)he willful neglect contemplated by Section 453.040(4) is neglect that is intentional, deliberate, and without just cause or excuse." In re Adoption of P. J. K., 359 S.W.2d 360, 363(5) (Mo.App.1962). "The willfulness of 'neglect' . . . is more of a negative proposition, simply the failure to perform the duty with which the parent is charged by the law and by conscience. The intent therefore must usually be inferred from the facts and circumstances. Such facts and circumstances would, of course, exclude a finding of willfulness where the neglect occurred because of things beyond the control of the parent and which were not his fault. Consideration must also be given to the words 'proper care and maintenance.' . . . (N)o two adoption cases are cast in the same mold. Many varying factors are to be considered, each in relation to all others. What would, or would not, be considered as proper care and maintenance in one case, might, in the light of the whole circumstances of another, be considered entirely differently." In re C., C., & C., supra, 380 S.W.2d at 515.

Our review of this non-jury action is governed by Rule 73.01 as construed in Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30 (Mo. banc 1976), i. e., "the decree or judgment of the trial court will be sustained by the appellate court unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, unless it is against the weight of the evidence, unless it erroneously declares the law, or unless it erroneously applies the law. Appellate courts should...