Adoption of R. I., In re

• Citation: 455 Pa. 29,312 A.2d 601
• Parties: , 80 A.L.R.3d 1134 In re Adoption of R.I. Appeal of NATURAL PARENT.
• Decision Date: 04 December 1973
• Court: Pennsylvania Supreme Court

Page 601

312 A.2d 601

455 Pa. 29, 80 A.L.R.3d 1134

In re Adoption of R.I. Appeal of NATURAL PARENT.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Dec. 4, 1973.

S. Sanford Kantz, New Castle, for appellant.

Kenneth E. Fox, Jr., Ellwood City, for appellee.

Before JONES, C.J., and EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.

OPINION OF THE COURT

O'BRIEN, Justice.

On February 24, 1972, two of appellees, ¹ filed a report of intent to adopt R.I. and a petition for involuntary termination of parental rights of the natural parents in the Orphans' Court Division of the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County. On March 9, 1972, a hearing on the petition was held, after which the court granted the petition but allowed the natural parent who had appeared unrepresented by counsel, time to secure legal counsel to contest the proposed decree. ² The natural parent obtained counsel and proceeded to attack the termination decree. The matter was listed for argument, and on February 8, 1973, the court below dismissed appellant's exceptions and issued a final decree terminating appellant's parental rights and permitting appellees to adopt the child. This appeal followed.

Appellant raises several allegations of error. Although her allegations that the court's findings of fact were insufficient to support a decree terminating her parental rights are without merit, ³ her allegation that she was denied due process because she was without representation at the hearing in which her rights were terminated and she was not informed that she was entitled to free counsel at that hearing, if she could not afford to pay for one, is a different matter.

It has long been established that an individual is entitled to counsel at any proceeding which may lead to the deprivation of 'substantial rights.' Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, 90 S.Ct. 1999, 26 L.Ed.2d 387 (1970), In Re: Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967), Wade v. United States, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967), Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), Com. ex rel. Rambeau v. Collins (1973), Commonwealth v. Johnson, 428 Pa. 210, 236 A.2d 805 (1968).

While the above-cited cases are criminal in nature, the logic behind them is equally applicable to a case involving an indigent parent faced with the loss of her child. In the words of the Court of Appeal of New York, which reached the same conclusions in the Matter of B., 30 N.Y.2d 352, 334 N.Y.S.2d 133, 136, 285 N.E.2d 288, 290 (1972):

'A parent's concern for the liberty of the child, as well as for his care and control, involves too fundamental an interest and right (citing cases) to be relinquished to the State without the opportunity for a hearing, with assigned counsel if the parent lacks the means to retain a lawyer. To deny legal assistance under such circumstances would--as the courts of other jurisdictions have already held (citing cases)--constitute a violation of his due process rights and, in light of the express statutory provision for legal representation for those who can afford it, a denial of equal protection of the laws as well. As the Federal District Court wrote in the very similar Cleaver case (Cleaver v. Wilcox, decided March 22, 1972 (40 USLW 2658)).

'whether the proceeding be labelled 'civil' or 'criminal,' it is fundamentally unfair, and a denial of due process of law for the state to seek removal of the child from an indigent parent without according that parent the right to the assistance of court-appointed and compensated counsel. . . . Since the state is the adversary . . . there is a gross inherent imbalance of experience and expertise between the parties if the parents are not represented by counsel. The parent's interest in the liberty of the child, in his care and in his control, has long been recognized as a fundamental interest. . . . Such an interest may not be curtailed by the state without a meaningful opportunity to be heard, which in these circumstances includes the assistance of counsel."

By its very nature, the proceedings in the instant case are very different from those involved in Watson's Appeal, 450 Pa. 579, 301 A.2d 861 (1973). In Watson's Appeal, we held that a natural mother who institutes proceedings to terminate her parental rights voluntarily cannot later complain that she should have had counsel appointed for her at the proceedings in which her parental rights were voluntarily terminated. In Watson's Appeal, there was no adversary. The natural parent was voluntarily giving up her child and had been fully informed of the consequences of that decision.

In the instant case, on the other hand, appellees are attempting to terminate appellant's parental rights against her opposition. Consequently the appellant's adversaries have the burden of proving that they are entitled by law to terminate those rights. In such a proceeding, it would be grossly unfair to force appellant to defend against the appellees' case without the assistance of someone, trained in the law, who could test the appellees' case by the rules of evidence and the techniques of cross-examination.

Appellees argue that appellant Had counsel. However, the record indicates that she was not provided with counsel until the conclusion of the hearing, when the court had already entered a decree terminating her parental rights. Not until then did the court tell her that, since she did not have counsel, she should contact the attorney in charge of the Law Association's Committee on providing legal services to the indigent, and the court would give her twenty days to attack the decree terminating her parental rights. The crucial proceeding was the hearing at which evidence was presented which led the court to terminate appellant's parental rights. ⁴

Once the conclusion is reached that someone in appellant's position has the right to assigned counsel to represent her at the hearing on the appellees' petition, it necessarily follows that she is entitled to be advised of that right. As the New York Court of Appeals explained in the Matter of B., Supra, 30 N.Y.2d at 357, 334 N.Y.S.2d at 137, 285 N.E.2d at 290:

'If the rule were otherwise, if the party before the court was not apprised of his right to assigned counsel, there could be no assurance either that he knew he had such a right or that he had waived it.'

As we said in the case of Com. ex rel. Mullins v. Maroney, 428 Pa. 195, 236 A.2d 781 (1968), which dealt with the question of the right to counsel in the case of a guilty plea:

'If the record clearly shows that a defendant is informed of, or is cognizant of, his right to the assistance of counsel at the time of plea or trial and expressly declines such assistance, the burden is upon him in any subsequent attack on the conviction to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that his acquiescence was not sufficiently understanding and intelligent to constitute an effective waiver. (Citing cases.) For this rule to apply, however, the record must show in the case of an indigent defendant that he is informed of or fully understands that the court will provide him with counsel without charge if he so desires. Unless this appears in the record, the burden is upon the Commonwealth to establish that the defendant was fully aware of his right at the time the alleged waiver occurred.'

Applying the same reasoning to the case at bar, since the record does not clearly show that appellant was informed of her right to free counsel before the hearing, and if the appellees wish to take the position that appellant's appearance without counsel at the parental termination hearing constituted a waiver of her right to counsel, the burden will be on the appellees to prove that the appellant was fully aware of her right to free counsel at the hearing. If the appellees cannot meet this burden, the appellant is then entitled to a new hearing on the petition to terminate her parental rights at which hearing she will be afforded legal representations.

Decree vacated and case remanded to the Court of Common Pleas, Orphans' Court Division,...