Aguilar v. Los Angeles County

• Citation: 751 F.2d 1089
• Decision Date: 15 January 1985
• Docket Number: No. 83-6428,83-6428
• Parties: Bardomiano AGUILAR & Rosa Aguilar, etc., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. LOS ANGELES COUNTY, L.A. County/U.S.C. Medical Center, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit)

Page 1089

751 F.2d 1089

40 Fed.R.Serv.2d 1249

Bardomiano AGUILAR & Rosa Aguilar, etc., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. LOS ANGELES COUNTY, L.A. County/U.S.C. Medical Center, et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 83-6428.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Oct. 3, 1984.

Decided Jan. 15, 1985.

Manuel Hidalgo, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiffs-appellants.

Martin Stein, Greines, Martin, Stein & Richland, Beverly Hills, Cal., for defendants-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before DUNIWAY, FERGUSON, and NELSON, Circuit Judges.

NELSON, Circuit Judge:

Bardomiano and Rosa Aguilar appeal the dismissal of their medical malpractice action. The district judge based the dismissal on the Aguilars' failure to join an indispensable party, their son Jaime, whose joinder would defeat diversity jurisdiction. We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On August 2, 1983, appellants Rosa and Bardomiano Aguilar filed a medical malpractice On August 3, 1983, Jaime Aguilar, through his guardian ad litem, Rosa Aguilar, filed an action in the Los Angeles Superior Court to recover post-majority special damages and general damages for injuries caused by the County's alleged negligence.

                suit against appellees County of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County/U.S.C. Medical Center, and several medical center employees ("County").  The Aguilars alleged that the County's negligence in providing medical care to their minor child, Jaime, caused him to sustain permanent brain damage.  Under California Code of Civil Procedure (C.C.P.) Sec. 376, which provides that parents may maintain an action for injury to their child, the Aguilars sought to recover pre-majority special damages for Jaime's injuries. 1   The Aguilars alleged that they were citizens of Mexico and El Salvador and that the defendants were citizens of California and based the district court's subject matter jurisdiction on diversity of citizenship.  Their son Jaime, a California citizen, was not named as a plaintiff in the complaint
                

The County moved to dismiss the federal action pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(7), failure to join a party under Fed.R.Civ.P. 19. On October 24, 1983, the district court granted the motion to dismiss the complaint and action under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(7) for failure to join Jaime Aguilar, an indispensable party whose joinder would defeat diversity jurisdiction. Adopting the reasoning in Lopez v. Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital, 97 F.R.D. 24 (C.D.Cal.1983), the court found that Jaime Aguilar claimed an interest relating to the subject of the action and that disposition of the action in his absence could impair or impede his ability to protect that interest under the California law of collateral estoppel. The court also determined under Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a) ² that the County would be subject to a substantial risk of incurring inconsistent obligations because of Jaime's claimed interest, should the action continue without his joinder as a party. The court further found that, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(b), the actions and complaint should be dismissed.

DISCUSSION

Fed.R.Civ.P. 19 establishes a two-step analysis for determining who should be joined in a given action. The first step This case turns on a Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a)(2) determination whether Jaime has an interest in the subject of this action that could be impaired--and, if so, whether the action should have been dismissed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(b).

                set forth in subsection (a), determines which persons should be joined, if joinder is feasible.  Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a)(2), a person should be joined if he claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that disposition in his absence could impair that interest or subject the other parties to multiple or inconsistent liabilities.  The second step of the Rule 19 analysis, set forth in subdivision (b), determines whether the action should be dismissed or proceed without the party if joinder is not feasible.  Subsection (b) does not apply until the subsection (a) determinations are made.   Bakia v. County of Los Angeles, 687 F.2d 299, 301 (9th Cir.1982)
                

I.

Jaime Aguilar's Interest and Its Impairment; Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a)(2)

The district court concluded that Jaime Aguilar had an interest in his parents' action that could be impaired under the California law of collateral estoppel. While Fed.R.Civ.P. 19 cases are generally reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, Bakia v. County of Los Angeles, 687 F.2d 299, 301 (9th Cir.1982), to the extent that the determination of Jaime's interest and its impairment under Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a)(2) involved an interpretation of California collateral estoppel law, it is reviewed under a de novo standard. In re McLinn, 739 F.2d 1395, 1397 (9th Cir.1984).

The doctrine of collateral estoppel, as interpreted in California law, bars parties, or those in privity with them, from relitigating any issue actually litigated, determined, and necessary to the disposition of a former proceeding. In re Russell, 12 Cal.3d 229, 233, 115 Cal.Rptr. 511, 513, 524 P.2d 1295, 1297 (1974). Application of the collateral estoppel doctrine thus depends on an affirmative answer to three questions: (1) was the issue decided in the prior adjudication identical to the one presented in the action in question? (2) was there a final judgment on the merits? (3) was the party against whom the doctrine is asserted a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication? Levy v. Cohen, 19 Cal.3d 165, 171, 137 Cal.Rptr. 162, 166, 561 P.2d 252, 256 (1977).

Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a)(2) states that a person should be joined if disposition of the action in his absence may as a practical matter impair or impede his ability to protect that interest. Although Jaime seeks to recover different damages (post-majority) from that of his parents (pre-majority), his right to recovery, like his parents', depends on a determination of the County's negligence. If his parents' suit is allowed to proceed, and the County is found non-negligent, Jaime may be collaterally estopped from relitigating the issue of the County's negligence. Since a California court may find Jaime collaterally estopped from pursuing his own suit in state court, the district court here properly found him to have an interest in his parents' action that could be impaired if that action goes forward without him as a party.

The Aguilars contend that the district court erred. They maintain that the collateral estoppel doctrine is inapplicable here because Jaime is not in privity with them. Privity, they argue, "involves a person so identified in interest with another that he represents the same legal right." Zaragosa v. Craven, 33 Cal.2d 315, 318, 202 P.2d 73, 76 (1949); State Farm Ins. Co. v. Salazar, 155 Cal.App.2d 861, 865, 318 P.2d 210 (1957). The Aguilars contend that C.C.P. Sec. 376 gives them a distinct and independent cause of action from Jaime's, and that they are therefore not in privity with Jaime.

As support for their position, the Aguilars rely on Cortez v. County of Los Angeles, 96 F.R.D. 427 (C.D.Cal.1983). Cortez involved a dismissal for non-joinder of an indispensable party in a fact situation identical to the one now before this court, and We affirm the district court's choice of the reasoning in Lopez v. Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital, 97 F.R.D. 24 (C.D.Cal.1983), rather than that in Cortez v. County of Los Angeles, 96 F.R.D. 427 (C.D.Cal.1983). Lopez properly construed the Rule 19(a)(2) "interest" requirement as not limited to a "legal" interest, but one to "be determined from a practical perspective, not through the adoption of strict legal definitions and technicalities." Lopez, 97 F.R.D. 24, 29 (C.D.Cal.1983). This reasoning is supported by ample authority. See Provident Tradesmen's Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102, 110, 88 S.Ct. 733, 738, 19 L.Ed.2d 936 (1968); Kaplan v. International Alliance of Theatrical & Stage Employees, 525 F.2d 1354, 1361 (9th Cir.1975); Smith v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 633 F.2d 401, 405 (5th Cir.1980). The Aguilars' approach, which emphasizes the distinct legal causes of action asserted by parents and child, focuses on legal technicalities and runs contrary to the prevailing view that "interest" under Rule 19 should be determined from a practical, and not technical, perspective.

identical to that in Lopez v. Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital, 97 F.R.D. 24 (C.D.Cal.1983), the case the district court followed. In Cortez, the court refused to dismiss the parents' medical malpractice action based on diversity of citizenship for failure to join their injured son and concluded that the child had no legally protected interest in his parents' lawsuit. Like the Aguilars, the Cortez parents sued for pre-majority damages in federal court and the son sued for post-majority damages in state court. The court reasoned that the child would not be collaterally estopped from obtaining relief in state court because he and his parents asserted distinct legal rights to recovery and were therefore not in privity.

The Aguilars also rely on Kaiser Foundation Hospital v. Superior Court, 254 Cal.App.2d 327, 62 Cal.Rptr. 330 (1967). Kaiser involved the collateral estoppel effect of a prior judgment on a subsequent suit brought against the same hospital. A husband and wife had sued defendant hospital for injuries caused to the wife and judgment was rendered for the hospital. After the wife's death, the husband and daughter brought a wrongful death action against the same hospital. The court held that because the daughter had a distinct cause of action, she was not in privity with a party to the first action and could not be collaterally estopped, though the husband could not sue again. Kaiser, 254 Cal.App.2d 327, 333, 62 Cal.Rptr. 330, 333 (1967).

Kaiser,...