Alexander v. Cockrell
| Decision Date | 11 June 2002 |
| Docket Number | No. 01-20736.,01-20736. |
| Citation | 294 F.3d 626 |
| Parties | Darrell Eugene ALEXANDER, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Janie COCKRELL, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, Respondent-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit |
Roland E. Dahlin, II, Fed. Pub. Def., Brent Evan Newton, Asst. Fed. Pub. Def. (argued), Houston, TX, for Petitioner-Appellee.
Thomas M. Jones (argued), S. Michael Bozarth, Asst. Atty. Gen., Austin, TX, for Respondent-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
Before HIGGINBOTHAM and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.*
The Director of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice appeals the grant of habeas corpus relief to state prisoner Darrell Eugene Alexander under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The Director complains that Alexander's habeas corpus petition is time barred under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d) or, alternatively, that any error in revoking his parole was harmless. Finding no reversible error we affirm.
In 1986, Alexander was convicted of manufacturing a controlled substance and sentenced to sixty-five years imprisonment. In 1991, he was released on parole which was revoked by the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles in 1995 following allegations by his ex-wife that he was stalking her and making terroristic threats. The board's Proclamation of Revocation and Warrant of Arrest provided stalking as the sole basis for revoking Alexander's parole. One year later, the statute upon which the stalking charge was based was deemed unconstitutional.
In 1997, Alexander filed a writ of habeas corpus in state court. He did not raise the unconstitutionality of the stalking statute as a basis for relief. The state court denied relief and Alexander filed a similar writ in federal district court. The court raised sua sponte the issue of the unconstitutionality of the stalking statute and, following an appeal to this court, dismissed the writ without prejudice for failure to exhaust state remedies. Alexander then filed a second state writ which was denied on the court's finding that the separate terroristic threat ground supported the revocation of his parole. He then filed the instant federal writ application. The district court granted the writ, determining that the parole board found the evidence insufficient to support the terroristic threat ground and based its revocation of Alexander's parole solely on the unconstitutional stalking ground.
The Director asserts that Alexander's habeas corpus petition is time-barred under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d) or, alternatively, that any error regarding the constitutionality of the stalking grounds for revocation was rendered moot because the parole board had some evidence to support revocation based on the alleged terroristic threats. The district court found that Alexander's claim was barred by the statute of limitations, but elected to apply the doctrine of equitable tolling to avoid application of the time-bar, and determined that the revocation of Alexander's parole based on the stalking statute was not harmless error. We review a court's application of the equitable tolling doctrine for abuse of discretion.1 We review the court's findings of fact for clear error and its determinations of law de novo.2
The district court determined that Alexander's petition is time-barred in the absence of equitable tolling because it was not filed within the applicable statute of limitations under the AEDPA. The court concluded, however, that the petitioner demonstrated rare and exceptional circumstances warranting equitable tolling of the limitations period. Alexander does not dispute the district court's holding that his petition was time barred in the absence of equitable tolling, but maintains that the court did not abuse its discretion in applying equitable tolling.
"The doctrine of equitable tolling preserves a plaintiff's claims when strict application of the statute of limitations would be inequitable."3 The petitioner bears the burden of proof concerning equitable tolling,4 and must demonstrate "rare and exceptional circumstances" warranting application of the doctrine.5 The doctrine will not be applied where the applicant failed to diligently pursue habeas corpus relief under § 2254,6 and "ignorance of the law, even for an incarcerated pro se petitioner, generally does not excuse prompt filing."7 Courts must consider the individual facts and circumstances of each case in determining whether equitable tolling is appropriate.8
In Patterson a federal prisoner proceeding pro se moved to withdraw his Motion to Vacate Sentence without prejudice in order to obtain the services of an experienced writ-writer so he could re-file at a later date.9 The district court granted the motion after the expiration of the AEDPA limitations period.10 We found that the language used by the district court in Patterson led the petitioner to believe that he could file a subsequent § 2255 petition, and concluded that the circumstances of the case were "sufficiently rare and extraordinary to warrant equitable tolling...."11 Similarly, the language of our prior decision in Alexander v. Johnson12 suggested that Alexander could re-file a petition in federal court after exhausting his state remedies:
[I]n the event that Alexander is unsuccessful in obtaining relief in Texas courts, the instant federal court dismissal of his claims without prejudice will not bar him from renewing his claim for federal habeas relief....13
The district court relied on our decision in Patterson to apply equitable tolling in this case, noting that in Patterson we applied equitable tolling because the petitioner in that case was "misled by the court into thinking he could refile his pleadings."14 The district court concluded that we similarly misled Alexander when, in our prior decision, we dismissed his petition without prejudice to give state courts an opportunity to consider whether Alexander's parole was revoked on the basis of an unconstitutional state statute. The court noted that our decision instructed the district court to dismiss his first state habeas petition without prejudice, despite the fact that the time had already expired for the filing of a federal habeas petition.
In particular, the district court pointed to language in our prior decision that might have given Alexander the impression that he would still be able to return to federal court: "[T]he instant federal court dismissal of his claims will not bar him from renewing his claim for federal habeas relief, should the State assert, if and when he does so, that his renewed petition is successive."15 The district court also noted that Alexander made a mistake by filing his second federal habeas petition using the case number from his previous action, resulting in a several month delay and perhaps indicating that Alexander believed that he would still be able to return to federal court.
The district court also found that the previous district judge unwittingly hindered Alexander's opportunity to pursue his federal petition by raising sua sponte the statutory constitutionality claim that rendered Alexander's timely federal habeas petition a mixed petition and required its dismissal for failure to exhaust state court remedies. Combined with the district judge's refusal to allow Alexander to dismiss the unexhausted claim, the district court found that equitable tolling was appropriate given the totality of the circumstances.
The decision to apply equitable tolling in this case is a judgment call, given our reluctance to apply equitable tolling even in extraordinary circumstances. After all, ignorance of the law, even for an incarcerated pro se petitioner, does not excuse prompt filing.16 We recognize that the decision to apply equitable tolling is an exercise of discretion by the district court, and we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion here.
Alexander maintains that because the stalking statute has been declared unconstitutional he is actually innocent of the charge and, therefore, his parole should be reinstated. The stalking statute at issue was declared unconstitutional in Long v. State.17 An unconstitutional statute is void ab initio, having no effect, as though it had never been passed.18 The Director maintains that Alexander's parole should not be reinstated because it was revoked not only for stalking but also for making terroristic threats. The record demonstrates that the State sought to revoke Alexander's parole on both grounds. The Texas parole board issued a Proclamation of Revocation and Warrant of Arrest which lists stalking as the sole basis for revocation.
On state habeas review, the state trial court found, based on the affidavit of Kim B. Vernon, Assistant General Counsel for the parole Board, that Alexander's...
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