Alfa Ins. v. Ryals ex rel. Beneficiaries

• Decision Date: 21 July 2005
• Docket Number: No. 2002-CT-01652-SCT.,2002-CT-01652-SCT.
• Citation: 918 So.2d 1260
• Parties: ALFA INSURANCE CORPORATION v. Kenneth Wayne RYALS, Administrator on Behalf of the WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF Kenneth RYALS, Deceased, and Kenneth Wayne Ryals, Administrator on Behalf of the Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Georgia Ryals, Deceased.
• Court: Mississippi Supreme Court

Page 1260

918 So.2d 1260

ALFA INSURANCE CORPORATION v. Kenneth Wayne RYALS, Administrator on Behalf of the WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF Kenneth RYALS, Deceased, and Kenneth Wayne Ryals, Administrator on Behalf of the Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Georgia Ryals, Deceased.

No. 2002-CT-01652-SCT.

Supreme Court of Mississippi.

July 21, 2005.

As Modified on Denial of Rehearing December 1, 2005.

Herman M. Hollensed, Hattiesburg, attorneys for appellant.

T. Jackson Lyons, Jackson, Norman William Pauli, Jr., Hattiesburg, attorneys for appellee.

EN BANC.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

WALLER, Presiding Justice, for the Court.

¶ 1. Pursuant to a jury verdict, the Forrest County Circuit Court awarded $420,000 in uninsured motorist benefits to Kenneth Wayne Ryals, administrator for the wrongful death beneficiaries of Kenneth and Georgia Ryals. Alfa Insurance Corporation, the uninsured motorist insurance carrier, appealed, and a divided Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court judgment. See Alfa Ins. Corp. v. Ryals, 918 So.2d 676 (Miss.Ct.App.2004). Three judges dissented, concluding that the alleged negligent act did not cause the accident and that the accident did not arise from the use of an uninsured vehicle. Id. at 684-88 (Griffis, J., dissenting). After certiorari was granted, Alfa challenges the Court of Appeals' judgment on three grounds: (1) whether the case of City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So.2d 373 (Miss. 2000), was binding precedent; (2) whether UM benefits are recoverable when the uninsured motorist is immune from the plaintiff's claims; and (3) whether the accident arose out of the "use," as defined under the policy, of an uninsured vehicle. We find that the evidence was legally insufficient to prove that accident arose out of the "use" of the truck and therefore reverse and render. Because this one issue is dispositive, we do not address the other two issues.

FACTS

¶ 2. Kenneth and Georgia Ryals were killed as a result of a dead pine tree falling on their vehicle as they were traveling north on U.S. Highway 49 near Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Kenneth Wayne Ryals, their son and co-administrator of their estates, filed two complaints¹ on behalf of the Ryalses' wrongful death beneficiaries against the Mississippi Department of Transportation² alleging that MDOT failed to provide safe highways and that its employees left a dead pine tree in an unsafe condition after unsuccessfully attempting to knock it down with a platform or bucket truck. Alfa, the Ryalses' auto insurance carrier, was added as a co-defendant. The beneficiaries alleged that Alfa was liable to them for the Ryalses' uninsured motorist benefits based on MDOT's admission that its bucket truck was uninsured. After MDOT settled the beneficiaries' claims against it for $250,000, the statutory maximum under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, the case went to trial, and a jury awarded $420,000 in uninsured motorist benefits³ in favor of the beneficiaries and against Alfa. After the Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court's judgment, we granted certiorari.

DISCUSSION

¶ 3. In reviewing the denial of a motion for a judgment notwithstanding a verdict, we will consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, giving that party the benefit of all favorable inferences that may be reasonably drawn from the evidence. If the facts so considered point so overwhelmingly in favor of the moving party that reasonable jurors could not have arrived at a contrary verdict, we are required to reverse and render. On the other hand, if there is substantial evidence in support of the verdict, that is, evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded jurors in the exercise of impartial judgment might have reached different conclusions, affirmance is required. 3M Co. v. Johnson, 895 So.2d 151, 160 (Miss.2005).

WHETHER THE ALLEGED NEGLIGENT ACT TOOK PLACE DURING THE "USE" OF AN UNINSURED AUTOMOBILE.

¶ 4. The uninsured motorist coverage provision of the Alfa policy provides as follows:

We will pay damages for bodily injury to a covered person if the covered person is legally entitled to collect such damages from the owner or driver of an uninsured car. The bodily injury must be caused by accident arising out of the operation, maintenance or use of an uninsured car.⁴

The policy defines the word "use" to mean "the actual manual and physical driving of a car." The word "car" is defined as "a land motor vehicle with four or more wheels, which is designed for use mainly on public roads."

¶ 5. Our state law defines "highway" as follows:

"Highway" means the entire width between property lines of any road, street, way, thoroughfare or bridge in the State of Mississippi not privately owned or controlled, when any part thereof is open to the public for vehicular traffic and over which the state has legislative jurisdiction under its police power.

Miss.Code Ann. § 63-15-3(a) (Rev.2004). "Motor vehicle" is defined as:

every self-propelled vehicle (other than traction engines, road rollers and graders, tractor cranes, power shovels, well drillers, implements of husbandry and electric personal assistive mobility devices...) which is designed for use upon a highway....

Miss.Code Ann. § 63-15-3(c) (Rev.2004).

¶ 6. There was no collision or impact between the vehicle belonging to the Ryalses and the MDOT vehicle. The MDOT vehicle was not being operated on a "highway" as defined by statute. Although the MDOT vehicle was "designed for use upon a highway," it was not, at the time of the alleged negligent event, being used upon a highway. The Ryalses contend that MDOT's efforts in removing the dead pine tree from the roadside by the use of its hydraulic lift platform (also commonly referred to as a "bucket") which was permanently attached to the vehicle, constituted the "use" of an uninsured vehicle. The "use" of the MDOT vehicle occurred several months before the fatal accident.

¶ 7. There was absolutely no evidence to suggest that the MDOT vehicle was in transit or was involved in any mode of transportation, that an MDOT employee was behind the steering wheel, that the vehicle's engine was running, or that an MDOT employee was driving or using the vehicle for any purpose related or incident to transportation. Instead, the vehicle was stationary and off the roadway while the bucket was used to attempt to push the tree down. The vehicle's purpose, at the time in question, was to allow the MDOT employees to maneuver the equipment permanently attached, i.e., the lift platform, for purposes unrelated to transportation services.

¶ 8. We have previously addressed the distinction between the "intended design" of a vehicle and its "actual use" in determining whether uninsured motorist benefits are available, Dowdle v. Miss. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 697 So.2d 788, 790 (Miss.1997), citing with favor an unpublished opinion written by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi, State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Graham, No. 3:92-cv-161(B)(D) (N.D.Miss.1994), in which District Judge Neal B. Biggers found that a dragster which caused an accident was racing on a dirt track road and did not trigger uninsured motorist coverage, even though the dragster could be driven on a highway. Here, at the time of the alleged negligent act, the MDOT vehicle was used merely as a platform for the bucket which was used to attempt to push a tree down, not as a motor vehicle traveling on a highway.

¶ 9. Persuasive decisions from other states confirm the significance of the distinction between intended design and actual use of a vehicle. In Progressive Cas. Ins. Co. v. Yodice, 180 Misc.2d 863, 694 N.Y.S.2d 281, 283-84 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.1999), aff'd, 276 A.D.2d 540, 714 N.Y.S.2d 715 (2000), the trial court held that the accident must be connected with the actual operation of a motor vehicle in its intended use as transportation:

Not every accident involving an automobile concerns the use or operation of that vehicle. The accident must be connected with the use of the automobile qua automobile. The use of the automobile as an automobile must be the proximate cause of the...