Aljabri v. Holder

• Decision Date: 11 March 2014
• Docket Number: No. 12–1229.,12–1229.
• Citation: 745 F.3d 816
• Parties: Salem Fuad ALJABRI, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. Eric H. HOLDER, Jr., et al., Defendants–Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

745 F.3d 816

Salem Fuad ALJABRI, Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.Eric H. HOLDER, Jr., et al., Defendants–Appellees.

No. 12–1229.

United States Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit.

Argued Sept. 30, 2013.

Decided March 11, 2014.

Lisa Katharine Koop, Attorney, Charles Roth, Attorney, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellant.

Troy D. Liggett, Attorney, Department of Justice, Civil Division, Immigration Litigation, Washington, DC, for Defendants–Appellees.

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and BAUER and KANNE, Circuit Judges.

WOOD, Chief Judge.

Salem Fuad Aljabri was born in Jordan, but he is of Palestinian descent. In 1997, he married a U.S. citizen; the marriage enabled him to become a lawful permanent resident in 2000. In February 2003, after three years had passed and he became eligible to be considered for naturalization under 8 U.S.C. § 1430, he filed an Application for Naturalization with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), which is part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). USCIS conducted a naturalization interview in July 2003 and then sat on Aljabri's application for nearly nine years.

One might think that such a long delay would have prompted Aljabri to follow up somehow. But one would be wrong. Aljabri found his way into federal court under much worse circumstances, accused and then convicted in 2007 on multiple counts of wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, money laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1957(a)(1)(A)(i), and structuring (that is, deceptively organizing transactions so as not to trigger a financial institution's reporting requirements), 31 U.S.C. § 5324(a)(3). On appeal, this court vacated the money-laundering convictions but affirmed the wire fraud and structuring convictions. See United States v. Aljabri, 363 Fed.Appx. 403 (7th Cir.2010). On remand, Aljabri was resentenced to serve 84 months in prison. See United States v. Aljabri, 2013 WL 3975255 at *1 (N.D.Ill. July 30, 2013) (denying postconviction relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255).

Catching wind of his turn to crime, DHS issued a Notice to Appear to Aljabri in 2008, alleging that he was removable from the United States under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) for having been convicted of an aggravated felony—namely, a crime causing a loss of more than $10,000 to victims. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(M). (Aljabri maintains that the loss caused by his crimes was not sufficient to classify them as aggravated felonies, but that question is not relevant to this appeal.) He failed to appear at his immigration hearing in Dallas on April 28, 2010, perhaps, as he says, because he had a medical appointment that prison officials refused to reschedule, or maybe because he refused to leave his cell, as the government contends. Either way, he was ordered removed in absentia by the Immigration Judge.

Seeing the writing on the wall, Aljabri filed this lawsuit pro se in the Northern District of Illinois on February 3, 2011, asking the district court either to naturalize him or declare him a U.S. citizen based on the 2003 application for naturalization that was still languishing at USCIS. Either form of relief would have barred the government from removing him from the United States. The district court held on April 20, 2011, however, that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over Aljabri's action under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), which divests courts of jurisdiction to review any discretionary decision or action by the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security under “this subchapter” (except for grants of asylum). The court dismissed the case “with prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,” and on January 10, 2012, it denied Aljabri's motion to alter or amend its judgment. The appeal was docketed in this court on January 30, 2012.

On May 3, 2012, USCIS at last got around to acting on Aljabri's naturalization application, which it denied on three grounds. First, it stated that it could not naturalize a person who was subject to a final order of removal. Second, it concluded that it could not naturalize Aljabri because the final order of removal meant that he was no longer a lawful permanent resident, and only permanent residents can be naturalized. Finally, it noted that Aljabri had been convicted of an aggravated felony and thus could not demonstrate the good moral character necessary for naturalization. In the meantime, Aljabri filed a motion to reopen his immigration case; initially that motion was denied, but on March 29, 2013, the Board of Immigration Appeals remanded the matter to the Dallas Immigration Court for a full opinion. Those proceedings were ongoing as of the time we heard oral argument, but their resolution does not affect the issues before us.

The government does not defend the district court's judgment based on a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction; on appeal, it agrees with Aljabri that the district court's jurisdictional reasoning was erroneous. Nevertheless, we are required to consider subject-matter jurisdiction as the first question in every case, see Illinois v. City of Chicago, 137 F.3d 474, 478 (7th Cir.1998), and we must dismiss this suit if such jurisdiction is lacking, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3). It is our obligation, therefore, to address the issue independently.

The district court relied on 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) when it dismissed Aljabri's complaint. That statute provides that no court shall have jurisdiction to review:

any ... decision or action of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security the authority for which is specified under this subchapter to be in the discretion of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security, other than the granting of relief under section 1158(a) [governing asylum] of this title.

8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). There are two problems with applying this statute to Aljabri's case. First, it applies only to statutes“under this subchapter.” Section 1252 is in subchapter II of chapter 12 in title 8, but the naturalization statute—8 U.S.C. § 1427—is in subchapter III of the same chapter. Section 1252 is therefore by its terms inapplicable to naturalization decisions.

Second, when basing its holding on § 1252, the district court overlooked 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b), which provides:

If there is a failure to make a determination under section 1446 of this title [governing naturalization applications] before the end of the 120–day period after the date on which the examination is conducted under such section, the applicant may apply to the United States district court for the district in which the applicant resides for a hearing on the matter. Such court has jurisdiction over the matter and may either determine the matter or remand the matter, with appropriate instructions, to the Service to determine the matter.

8 U.S.C. § 1447(b). It is hard to find any ambiguity in this language: it expressly gives the district court jurisdiction over suits like Aljabri's. He certainly waited long enough—eight years after his examination, more than 22 times as long as the required 120–day waiting period.

The district court's slip with respect to section 1447(b) is understandable, because Aljabri's complaint makes no reference to it. His silence, however, has no jurisdictional significance. Furthermore, as a pro se litigant Aljabri is held to a “less stringent standard” in crafting pleadings. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972). As we have noted before, sua sponte dismissals of complaints without an opportunity to respond “are hazardous ... unless the defect is clearly incurable.” Frey v. EPA, 270 F.3d 1129, 1132 (7th Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather than suffer immediate dismissal, Aljabri should have been given leave to amend in order correct his complaint by stating the correct basis for jurisdiction.

Nor is 8 U.S.C. § 1429 an obstacle to jurisdiction. Section 1429 provides in relevant part:

[N]o person shall be naturalized against whom there is outstanding a final finding of deportability pursuant to a warrant of arrest issued under the provisions of this chapter or any other Act; and no application for naturalization shall be considered by the Attorney General if there is pending against the applicant a removal proceeding pursuant to a warrant of arrest issued under the provisions of this chapter or any other Act.

8 U.S.C. § 1429. Though this statute would prevent a court from approving a naturalization application after removal proceedings have begun or a final finding of deportability has been made, it affects only relief. It is not jurisdictional. Klene v. Napolitano, 697 F.3d 666, 668 (7th Cir.2012). Thus, for example, a court could stay a suit to await the outcome of a removal proceeding without straying beyond its prescribed jurisdiction. Id.

The government agrees that the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction under § 1447(b), but it offers a new reason why jurisdiction is defective. It argues that the case is moot because USCIS acted on Aljabri's naturalization application on May 3, 2012 (by which time the case was before this court), thereby giving him all of the relief that he could hope to receive: an answer on his application. Accordingly, says the government, there is no “case or controversy” for the district court to adjudicate and nothing to send back for more consideration.

The Constitution limits our jurisdiction to live cases and controversies. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. A case is moot, and thus falls outside of the judicial power conferred in Article III, if the outcome will no longer settle an active dispute about the parties' legal rights. See Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., ––– U.S. ––––, 133 S.Ct. 721, 726, 184 L.Ed.2d 553 (2013). We are required to dismiss a case that has become moot at any stage in the litigation. Stotts v. Cmty. Unit Sch. Dist. No. 1, 230 F.3d 989, 991 (7th Cir.2000).

Key to the government's mootness argument is the question whether USCIS retained jurisdiction to...