Allen v. United States

• Decision Date: 05 November 1964
• Docket Number: No. 18749.,18749.
• Citation: 338 F.2d 160
• Parties: Earline ALLEN, as Administratrix of the estate of Jessie Delton Allen, deceased, and Earline Allen, individually, Appellant, v. The UNITED STATES of America, a sovereign nation, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

338 F.2d 160 (1964)

Earline ALLEN, as Administratrix of the estate of Jessie Delton Allen, deceased, and Earline Allen, individually, Appellant, v. The UNITED STATES of America, a sovereign nation, Appellee.

No. 18749.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

November 5, 1964.

Martin J. Jarvis and Marvin Stender, San Francisco, Cal., for appellant.

Cecil F. Poole, U. S. Atty., Keith R. Ferguson, Sp. Asst. to Atty. Gen., Paul G. Sterling, Sp. Atty., Admiralty & Shipping Section, Dept. of Justice, San Francisco, Cal., Graydon S. Staring, Lillick, Geary, Wheat, Adams & Charles, San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.

Before HAMLEY, JERTBERG and BROWNING, Circuit Judges.

JERTBERG, Circuit Judge.

On July 19, 1963, the District Court ordered the dismissal of appellant's libel against the United States, upon the ground that the libel was not filed within the limitation period prescribed by Section 340(3) of the Code of Civil Procedure of the State of California.¹

Appellant filed a timely appeal from such order. This court has jurisdiction to review such order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

Jurisdiction of the District Court was invoked under the Public Vessels Act 46 U.S.C. § 781; the Suits in Admiralty Act 46 U.S.C. § 741 et seq., and under the general Maritime Law, by a libel claiming damages against the United States for wrongful death arising out of injuries occurring in the territorial waters of the State of California.

The facts relevant to this appeal are not in dispute and may be summarized as follows: Appellant libelant is the widow of, and the administratrix of the estate of, Jessie Delton Allen, the decedent. The libel alleges that on July 18, 1961, decedent was employed by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation as a seaman, in the capacity of a ship's painter, and was at said time working aboard the U.S.N.S. GENERAL EDWIN D. PATRICK, a public vessel of the United States. The injuries occurred when the decedent fell from a scaffold while painting said vessel. The vessel was in drydock and undergoing repairs in the yard of decedent's employer, Bethlehem Steel Corporation. The decedent died as a result of said injuries on July 26, 1961. It is alleged that the injuries were caused by the negligence of the United States and the unseaworthiness of its vessel. On January 9, 1963, the libel herein was filed by the appellant, more than one year but less than two years from the date of decedent's death.

Appellant specifies that the District Court erred in holding that the one year limitation period set forth in § 340(3) of the Code of Civil Procedure of the State of California is applicable to the libel.

Before considering appellant's specification of error we shall briefly review relevant, well-established principles of Maritime Law:

No action for wrongful death will lie under general Maritime Law. The Harrisburg, 119 U.S. 199, 7 S.Ct. 140, 30 L.Ed. 358 (1886); The Tungus v. Skovgaard, 358 U.S. 588, 79 S.Ct. 503, 3 L.Ed.2d 524 (1959); Hess v. United States, 361 U.S. 314, 80 S.Ct. 341, 4 L.Ed.2d 305 (1960). Such an action must be based upon some applicable federal or state statute. The Harrisburg, supra; The Tungus v. Skovgaard, supra; Hess v. United States, supra. Federal statutes creating cause of action for wrongful death in admiralty are the Death on the High Seas Act 46 U.S.C. § 761 et seq., and the Jones Act 46 U.S.C. § 688.

The Jones Act gives a seaman a right of action only against his employer. The Norland, 101 F.2d 967, 9 Alaska 471 (9th Cir. 1939); Cosmopolitan Shipping Co. v. McAllister, 337 U.S. 783, 69 S.Ct. 1317, 93 L.Ed. 1692 (1949).

The Death on the High Seas Act does not apply when death occurs within the territorial waters of a state. The Tungus v. Skovgaard, supra.

Where death results from a maritime tort committed on navigable waters within a state, whose statutes give a right of action on account of death by wrongful act, the admiralty courts will entertain a libel in personam for the damages sustained by those to whom such right is given. Hess v. United States, supra; Levinson v. Deupree, 345 U.S. 648, 73 S.Ct. 914, 97 L.Ed. 1319 (1953); Western Fuel Co. v. Garcia, 257 U.S. 233, 42 S.Ct. 89, 66 L.Ed. 210 (1921); United States v. Lauro, 330 U.S. 446, 67 S.Ct. 847, 91 L.Ed. 1011 (1947). Jurisdiction of such an action against the United States is founded upon the Public Vessels Act 46 U.S.C. §§ 781-790,² and the Suits in Admiralty Act 46 U.S.C. §§ 741-752.³ American Stevedores v. Porello, 330 U.S. 446, 67 S.Ct. 847, 91 L.Ed. 1011 (1947).

The Public Vessels Act was only intended "to impose on the United States the same liability (apart from seizure or arrest under a libel in rem) as is imposed by the admiralty law on the private shipowner * * *." Weyerhaeuser S. S. Co. v. United States, 372 U.S. 597, 83 S.Ct. 926, 928, 10 L.Ed.2d 1 (1963); Canadian Aviator, Ltd. v. United States, 324 U.S. 215, 65 S.Ct. 639, 89 L.Ed. 901 (1945). It is not the purpose of the Public Vessels Act "to give rights of action against public vessels in cases not previously cognizable in admiralty against private vessels, the purpose of the Act being only to remove the defense of sovereign immunity." State of Maine v. United States, 1 Cir., 134 F.2d 574 (1943), C.D. 319 U.S. 772, 63 S.Ct. 1437, 87 L.Ed. 1720 (1943).

It is clear under the general principles of law above cited that no action for wrongful death will lie under the general Maritime Law and that it is well established that admiralty will recognize and enforce such a right of action when the act causing death occurs within the navigable waters of a state whose statutes give a right of action for wrongful death.

The law of California gives a right of action for wrongful death. Code of Civil Procedure, § 377.⁴

Appellant concedes that the libel was not filed within the time required by § 340(3) of the California Code of Civil Procedure. Appellant contends, however, that the applicable limitations period was not the one year period set forth in § 340(3), but is the two year limitation set forth in the Suits in Admiralty Act 46 U.S.C. § 745.

We are of the opinion that the District Court properly dismissed appellant's libel on the ground that appellant's cause of action was barred by the provisions of § 340(3) of the California Code of Civil Procedure, and since that court expressed its conclusion on this point in a thorough and carefully reasoned, unreported memorandum with which we agree, we include in this opinion the hereinafter quoted portion of that memorandum.

"Although it has been held that the limitations period of the Suits in Admiralty Act is incorporated by reference into the Public Vessels Act, for certain purposes (Phalen v. United States, 32 F.2d 687 (2d Cir. 1929)), it has also been held that the state statute of limitations applies when the admiralty court is proceeding under a state created cause of action for wrongful death.

"This has been specifically held in Western Fuel Co. v. Garcia, supra," 257 U.S. 233, 42 S.Ct. 89 1921),⁵ "(a maritime wrongful death suit between private parties), and in California Casualty In dem. Exchange v. United States, 74 F. Supp. 401 (S.D.Cal.1947), (a similar suit against the United States, under the Public Vessels Liability Act).

"Each of these wrongful death cases involved the identical California Statute of Limitations here in question. (See also: Mejia v. United States, 152 F.2d 686 (5th Cir. 1945); The Tungus v. Skovgaard, 358 U.S. 588, 592 79 S.Ct. 503 (1958); Hess v. United States, 361 U.S. 314, 320 80 S.Ct. 341 (1959); Continental Casualty Co. v. The Benny Skou, 200 F.2d 246 (4th Cir. 1952); McMahon v. Pan-American World Airways, Inc., 297 F.2d 268 (5th Cir. 1962)).

"The rationale of these cases is that in actions for wrongful death brought in admiralty in which the Court must look to and follow a state created right of action for such death, the Court must adopt and enforce such right as an integrated whole with whatever conditions and limitations the creating state has attached.

"Libelant relies on State of Maryland to Use of Burkhardt v. United States, 165 F.2d 869 1 A.L.R.2d 213 (4th Cir. 1947), a non-maritime action for wrongful death brought under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1346(b), which authorizes actions for damages against the United States in tort cases where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant under the law of the place where the act or omission occurred.

"It was held that for reasons of statutory interpretation the limitations period of the Tort Claims Act, itself, rather than the state limitations period, is applicable to such suits. (See also, Sweet v. United States, 71 F.Supp. 863 (S.D.Cal. 1947)).

"In State of Maryland, supra, 165 F.2d at 874 however, the Court citing Mejia v. United States, supra, noted that a different rule is applicable to maritime wrongful death actions for the reason that admiralty may not adopt a state law without adopting its limitations and conditions.

"Libelant further argues that the cases which have established this admiralty rule (The Harrisburg, supra, 119 U.S. 199, 7 S.Ct. 140 (1886), Western Fuel Co. v. Garcia, supra, Mejia v. United States, supra) contain language indicating that their holdings were based upon the ground that the state statutes of limitations there involved were deemed to be limitations upon the right of action, itself, as distinguished from bar to the remedy.

"Libelant points out that the California Court in Wogelmuth Wohlgemuth v. Meyer 139 Cal.App.2d 326, 293 P.2d 816 (D.C.A.1956) has held that its wrongful death one year limitation statute, C.C.P. Sec. 340(3), being a bar to the remedy, rather than a limitation upon the right of action itself, and being therefore, procedural, can be tolled for reasons

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