Alpstetten Ass'n, Inc. v. Kelly

• Decision Date: 15 October 1979
• Docket Number: No. 165-78,165-78
• Citation: 408 A.2d 644,137 Vt. 508
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court
• Parties: ALPSTETTEN ASSOCIATION, INC. v. John F. KELLY.

Page 644

408 A.2d 644

137 Vt. 508

ALPSTETTEN ASSOCIATION, INC. v. John F. KELLY.

No. 165-78.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Oct. 15, 1979.

Kristensen, Cummings, Rosi & Murtha, P. C., Brattleboro, for plaintiff.

Timothy J. O'Connor, Jr., Brattleboro, for defendant.

John F. Kelly, pro se.

Before BARNEY, C. J., and DALEY, LARROW, BILLINGS and HILL, JJ.

HILL, Justice.

Alpstetten Association, Inc. (Alpstetten) owns the water system supplying houses owned by the appellant Kelly in Alpstetten Village, a vacation home complex in the area of West Dover. In 1974, Alpstetten sued the appellant for water assessments allegedly due and owing for the years 1971-1972 through 1973-1974, demanding a sum certain based on those assessments. Alpstetten was subsequently permitted to amend its complaint to make an adjustment to the claimed indebtedness, for the year 1971-1972, and to include allegations of indebtedness for water assessments covering the years 1974-1975 through 1976-1977.

The appellant has never argued that he was entitled to use the water system free of charge. His position has consistently been that Alpstetten overcharged for the water services he received, and that Alpstetten was required to show, and failed to show, that its assessments were based only upon the cost of those services for which he was required to contribute. The appellant thus denied his indebtedness in the amount alleged. He also interposed two counterclaims, first alleging that Alpstetten had wrongfully interrupted completely the water supply to his properties on or about December 22, 1970, and second alleging a wrongful ongoing interference with the water to his properties through the installation or operation of unspecified flow restricting devices.

In its answer to the appellant's counterclaims, Alpstetten pleaded general denials, and, as to the first, claimed that the appellant was estopped by V.R.C.P. 13(a) because it involved the same transaction or occurrence that formed the basis of previous litigation between the parties. ¹ By subsequent amendments to its answer to appellant's first counterclaim, Alpstetten pleaded the doctrines of collateral estoppel and merger, both by reason of the former suit, and the statute of limitations.

Alpstetten subsequently moved for summary judgment in its favor both as to its claim and as to the appellant's two counterclaims, alleging as to each that there was no issue as to any material fact and that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Following hearing, the court issued an order dismissing the appellant's counterclaims and granting Alpstetten summary judgment on all but one aspect of its claim, reserving for trial the question of the proper formula to be used in computing the water assessments. The order was unaccompanied by findings of fact or conclusions of law. Relief was granted, so far as anything on the face of the order reveals, on the ground that there were "no genuine issues as to any material fact, except as to the formula to be used in computing the subject assessments . . . ." The order provides no clue as to why the court thought Alpstetten was entitled to judgment on the appellant's counterclaims as a matter of law, which entitlement a party must establish in order to be awarded summary judgment under the plain terms of V.R.C.P. 56(c).

A hearing to determine the appropriate formula was held, and findings, conclusions and an order followed. The final judgment order awarded Alpstetten the full sum demanded in its amended complaint, and again dismissed the appellant's counterclaims. While the findings and conclusions supply an adequate basis for our review of the trial court's determination concerning the amount of the appellant's indebtedness to Alpstetten, they in no way enlighten us regarding the court's dismissal of the appellant's counterclaims. We conclude that it was error to dispose of the counterclaims on summary judgment.

I.

The appellant's first counterclaim alleged a total disruption of the water supply to his houses in December of 1970, carried out by Alpstetten with intent to inconvenience him and without legal right, resulting in damage to the appellant in that he was "inconvenienced, harassed, embarrassed, and his reputation . . . impaired." Accepting for the moment the trial court's determination that none of the material facts of this incident are in dispute, Alpstetten has not shown itself entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Alpstetten's complaint was filed in November of 1974. The appellant's first counterclaim was timely if it could have been brought as an independent action at that time. 12 V.S.A. § 463. The cause of action set forth by appellant in the counterclaim accrued some three years and eleven months before the present action was brought. The appellant contends that the general six year statute of limitations for civil cases, 12 V.S.A. § 511, should apply. Alpstetten urges that the three year limitation of 12 V.S.A. § 512 governs, arguing that the appellant's first counterclaim alleges "Injury to the person suffered by the act or default of another" within the meaning of 12 V.S.A. § 512(4).

We cannot agree with Alpstetten that the first counterclaim involves " injury to the person" within the above quoted subsection. Although we have held that "the nature of the injury sustained, rather than the legal theory underlying the claim for relief, determines which statute is applicable," Kinney v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 134 Vt. 571, 574, 367 A.2d 677, 679 (1976), the phrase "injury to the person" has consistently been applied in its legal sense to cover situations involving bodily hurt, and not to cover all actions that allege harm that is somehow personal to the plaintiff. See Id. at 576, 367 A.2d at 680; Murray v. Allen, 103 Vt. 373, 375, 154 A. 678, 679 (1931). The appellant alleged a tortious act resulting in an interference with the use and enjoyment of his property. Accordingly, the six year statute of limitations is applicable.

Alpstetten also sought dismissal of the first counterclaim on the grounds of merger and collateral estoppel based upon a final judgment rendered in prior litigation between the parties. Kelly v. Alpstetten Association, Inc., 131 Vt. 165, 303 A.2d 136 (1973). Therein, Kelly (appellant herein) brought an action to have his rights and liabilities with respect to the water system declared, and for an injunction to prevent Alpstetten from shutting off water to his premises which it was evidently threatening to do as a way of compelling Kelly to pay disputed water assessments.

The doctrine of res judicata seeks to prevent the relitigation of a cause of action finally adjudicated between the parties in an earlier suit; collateral estoppel, on the other hand, seeks to prevent the relitigation of issues that were actually litigated and necessary to the resolution of the original litigation. Both principles are aimed at eliminating repetitive or piecemeal litigation. See generally 1B Moore's Federal Practice P 0.405, at 621-634 (2d ed. 1974).

We fail to see how the appellant's counterclaim for damages can be barred merely because he once sought to enjoin the conduct that allegedly gave rise to his injury. For anything that appears in the record, the actual conduct now alleged was never put in issue in the prior litigation, only the legal right of Alpstetten to engage in that conduct. Nor has Alpstetten established on this record that the appellant had any cause of action for damages at the time he brought his action for an injunction and declaratory relief. Alpstetten was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the first counterclaim, and the summary judgment with respect to it must be reversed.

II.

The appellant's second counterclaim charges Alpstetten with an ongoing interference with the water pressure to his properties through the installation or operation of unspecified devices, resulting in aggravation, harassment, damage to the appellant's reputation, and in the necessity of drilling a well to obtain an alternate water supply. The lack of findings and conclusions and the brevity of the summary judgment order make it difficult for us to know with absolute certainty whether the trial court granted summary judgment because the appellant failed to come forward with enough support for his allegations to go to trial, or because all of his allegations, even if proven, would not amount to a cause of action. See Sykas v. Kearns, 135 Vt. 610, 612-13, 383 A.2d 621, 623 (1978) (findings under V.R.C.P. 56 are not necessary but are helpful to appellate review). The pleadings, affidavits, interrogatories, and requests for admissions before the trial court on the motion for summary judgment, along with the transcript of the summary judgment hearing, disclose that no issue was raised as to any privilege on the part of Alpstetten to restrict the water...