Alterman Foods, Inc. v. Ligon

• Decision Date: 05 November 1980
• Docket Number: No. 36438,36438
• Citation: 272 S.E.2d 327,246 Ga. 620
• Parties: ALTERMAN FOODS, INC. v. LIGON et al.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

Page 327

272 S.E.2d 327

246 Ga. 620

ALTERMAN FOODS, INC. v. LIGON et al.

No. 36438.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

Argued Sept. 8, 1980.

Decided Nov. 5, 1980.

Hatcher, Stubbs, Land, Hollis & Rothschild, J. Barrington Vaught, Columbus, for appellant.

James D. Patrick, Columbus, for appellees.

BOWLES, Justice.

Plaintiff Ligon filed suit against defendant Alterman Foods, Inc. for injuries she sustained to her knee when she slipped and fell while shopping in defendant's store. Plaintiff's complaint averred that defendant's slippery floor proximately caused her fall and that defendant knew or should have known of the dangerous condition of the floor. No one actually saw plaintiff fall.

In her deposition plaintiff testified that she had gone to the store to shop sometime after 2:00 p. m. on Friday afternoon as she had customarily done for four years; that although it was raining outside she noticed no water or wet areas on the floor; that the floor was "slippery and highly polished as usual"; that she did not notice the floor to be any more slippery than it had been on any other day she had been in the store until her foot slipped out from under her; that she did not see what she had slipped on either before or after she fell; that she did not know if there was a foreign substance on the floor which had caused her fall or if her fall was due to the slipperiness of the floor itself; that there were no marks or streaks on the floor or stains on her clothing which would have indicated what it was she slipped on.

On cross-examination plaintiff testified that in 1965 she was involved in an automobile accident which resulted in one of her legs being longer than the other and that since that time she was forced to wear a built-up shoe on one foot to compensate for her disability. Plaintiff stated that the foot on which she wore the built-up shoe was the one that had slipped out from under her in defendant's store.

In opposition to plaintiff's testimony defendant introduced depositions from a shopper who had assisted the plaintiff after her fall. This shopper testified that she sat on the floor to cradle plaintiff's head in her lap until the Rescue Squad arrived and that she would have "definitely known" if there was anything "unusual" about the floor. The shopper testified that she saw nothing on the floor that could have caused the plaintiff's fall and that the floor was not slippery.

Defendant also introduced a deposition from a store employee who had gone to the aid of plaintiff after her fall. The employee stated that he had examined the area where the plaintiff fell and found no foreign substance anywhere near her. He further testified that each Tuesday night after the store was closed store employees would wash and wax the floor with a non-slip wax.

The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary judgment. The Court of Appeals reversed, finding that "a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the floor was so slippery as to create an unreasonable risk that a store patron in (plaintiff's) circumstances would slip and fall on it." See, Ligon v. Alterman Foods, Inc., 154 Ga.App. 440, 268 S.E.2d 701 (1980), citing Langley v. Ellman's, Inc., 143 Ga.App. 16, 237 S.E.2d 415 (1977). The cases have tended to drift toward a jury issue in every "slip and fall" case. We granted certiorari to determine whether the plaintiff's evidence in this case was sufficient to withstand defendant's motion for summary judgment in the light of other uncontradicted evidence showing no lack of care on defendant's part.

We reverse.

In the majority of the so-called "slip and fall" cases the plaintiff alleges either that he slipped on a foreign substance grit, vegetable leaves, trash, objects which have fallen from store shelves, etc. on defendant's floor, or that defendant's floor has been made dangerously slippery by waxing, oiling or otherwise treating it.

In cases involving foreign substances the customer does not ordinarily know if the substance which caused him to fall has been placed on the floor through negligence attributable to the owner or through that of someone other than the owner. While the owner or occupier of land is liable to invitees for his failure to exercise ordinary care in keeping the premises safe, Code Ann. § 105-401, "(b)efore an owner can be held liable for the slippery conditions of his floors, produced by the presence of a foreign substance thereon, it is necessary that the proof should show that he was aware of the substance or would have known of its presence had he exercised reasonable care." Conaway v. McCrory Stores, 82 Ga.App. 97, 101, 60 S.E.2d 631 (1950). Accord, Boatright v. Rich's, Inc., 121 Ga.App. 121, 173 S.E.2d 232 (1970). Thus it is said that only "when the perilous instrumentality is known to the owner or occupant and not known to the person injured that a recovery is permitted." Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Reid, 132 Ga.App. 136, 138, 207 S.E.2d 532 (1974). Normally a proprietor is permitted a reasonable time to exercise care in inspecting the premises and maintaining them in a safe condition. Winn-Dixie Stores v. Hardy, 138 Ga.App. 342, 226 S.E.2d 142 (1976); Burger Barn, Inc. v. Young, 131 Ga.App. 828(4), 207 S.E.2d 234 (1974). However, the proprietor is under no duty to continuously patrol the premises in absence of facts showing that the premises are unusually dangerous. Winn-Dixie Stores v. Hardy, supra; Boatright v. Rich's, Inc., supra; Angel v. Varsity, Inc., 113 Ga.App. 507, 148 S.E.2d 451 (1966). Knowledge on the part of the proprietor that there is a foreign substance on the floor that could cause patrons to slip and fall may be either actual or constructive. In some cases the proprietor may be held to have constructive knowledge if the plaintiff shows that an employee of the proprietor "was in the immediate area of the dangerous condition and could have easily seen the substance and removed the hazard." Winn-Dixie Stores v. Hardy, supra, 138 Ga.App. at 345, 148 S.E.2d 451; Sharpton v. Great A & P Tea Co., 112 Ga.App. 283, 145 S.E.2d 101 (1965).

In other cases the proprietor may be liable if he fails to exercise reasonable care in inspecting and keeping the premises in safe condition. To sustain a cause of action in the latter type case the plaintiff must show that the foreign substance was on the floor for a length of time sufficient for knowledge of it to be imputed to the defendant. Winn-Dixie Stores v. Hardy, supra. "The length of time which must exist to show that the defendant had an opportunity to discover the defect will vary with the circumstances of each case (the) (nature of the business, size of the store, the number of customers, the nature of the dangerous condition and (the store's) location)." Sharpton v. Great A & P Tea Co., supra, at 285, 145 S.E.2d 101.

As stated above, not only must the plaintiff show that the defendant had knowledge of the presence of the foreign substance, but the plaintiff must also show that he was without knowledge of its presence. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Reid, supra. " 'The customer must exercise ordinary care for his own safety, and must by the same degree of care avoid the effect of the merchant's negligence after it becomes apparent to him or in the exercise of ordinary care he should have learned of it. He must make use of all his senses in a reasonable measure amounting to ordinary care in discovering and avoiding those things that might cause hurt, to him." McGrew v. S. S. Kresge Co., 140 Ga.App. 149, 151, 230 S.E.2d 119 (1976); King Hardware Co. v. Teplis, 91 Ga.App. 13, 15, 84 S.E.2d 686 (1954). See also, Stowe v. Gallant-Belk Co., 107 Ga.App. 80, 129 S.E.2d 196 (1962).

However, a store patron "is not bound to the same degree of care in discovering or apprehending danger in moments of stress or excitement or when (his) attention has been ... diverted." Glover v. City Council of Augusta, 83 Ga.App. 314, 316, 63 S.E.2d 422 (1951). "(W)here a proprietor owes a duty to its invitees to keep the premises in a safe condition for their passage, the setting up of a distraction, by a sign or conduct, which will so divert the customer's attention as to be the proximate cause of his injury in colliding with what might otherwise be a patent and even safe appurtenance, may constitute actionable negligence on the part of the defendant." Jackson Atlantic Inc. v. Wright, 129 Ga.App. 857, 859, 201 S.E.2d 634 (1973); Gray v. Delta Air Lines, 127 Ga.App. 45, 52, 192 S.E.2d 521 (1972).

Thus in order to state a cause of action in a case where the plaintiff alleges that due to an act of negligence by the defendant he slipped and fell on a foreign substance on the defendant's floor, the plaintiff must show (1) that the defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of the foreign substance and (2) that the plaintiff was without knowledge of the substance or for some reason attributable to the defendant was prevented from discovering the foreign substance.

The slip and fall cases involving foreign substances are inapplicable in an instance where the plaintiff alleges that he fell because of the slippery wax, oil or other finish that defendant placed on the floor. Because the defendant applied or authorized the application of the floor treatment, he is presumed to have knowledge of its existence. See American National Bank v. Howard, 117 Ga. 834, 161 S.E.2d 838 (1968). In this type of case the plaintiff may make out a cause of action by showing an act or omission on the part of the defendant which was the proximate cause of his injury and which could not have been avoided by the plaintiff through the exercise of ordinary care. See, Hogg v. First National Bank, 82 Ga.App....