Anderson v. Wiegand

• Citation: 223 Mich.App. 549,567 N.W.2d 452
• Decision Date: 16 May 1997
• Docket Number: Docket No. 193018
• Parties: Constance ANDERSON and Robert Anderson, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Daniel WIEGAND, Kathleen Wiegand, Jim Saros Agency, Inc., and Jim Koukios, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan (US)

Page 452

567 N.W.2d 452

223 Mich.App. 549

Constance ANDERSON and Robert Anderson, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Daniel WIEGAND, Kathleen Wiegand, Jim Saros Agency, Inc. and Jim Koukios, Defendants-Appellees.

Docket No. 193018.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted Dec. 18, 1996, at Detroit.

Decided May 16, 1997, at 9:30 a.m.

Released for Publication Aug. 22, 1997.

Charfoos & Christensen, P.C. by David R. Parker and Jody L. Aaron, Detroit, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Law Offices of Natinsky by Ronald Y. Gutman (Plunkett & Cooney, P.C. by Robert G. Kamenec, Detroit, of counsel), Southfield, for Jim Saros Agency and Jim Koukios.

Kohl, Secrest Wardle, Lynch, Clark & Hampton by Michael L. Updike, Farmington Hills, for Daniel and Kathleen Wiegand.

Before TAYLOR, P.J., and HOOD and R.D. GOTHAM ^*, JJ.

TAYLOR, Presiding Judge.

Plaintiffs appeal as of right from an order granting defendants summary disposition in this slip and fall case. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

On Friday, January 6, 1995, several inches of snow fell near the home of Daniel and Kathleen Wiegand in Grosse Pointe. On Saturday morning Mr. Wiegand used a snowblower and a shovel to remove the snow from the driveway and a walkway that led from the driveway to the front door of the house, clearing these areas to their bare concrete surfaces. Mr. Wiegand could not recall if he applied salt. After completing the snow removal, the Wiegands (homeowners) went to visit a relative in Ohio. The Wiegands had signed a listing agreement with Jim Saros Agency, Inc., a real estate agency, to sell their house. On Sunday, January 8, 1995, Jim Koukios, a licensed real estate agent employed by the Saros Agency, posted signs in the neighborhood advertising an open house at the homeowners' residence before arriving at the home around 1:45 p.m. The homeowners had left a key to their house with Koukios, who had requested that they not be home during the open house. Although the sun was shining, it was a cold afternoon. The driveway and walkway were completely cleared of snow and there had been no new precipitation. Soon after the open house began, plaintiff Constance Anderson parked her car in front of the house and walked up the driveway. As Mrs. Anderson stepped off the driveway onto the walkway leading to the house, she took one step, slipped, and fell. Before Mrs. Anderson fell, Koukios had not noticed any patches of ice. Mrs. Anderson also did not see any ice before she fell. Nevertheless, it was discovered that she had slipped on a patch of ice. Mrs. Anderson testified that the patch of ice covered the width of the walkway although she was not sure how long the patch was. Koukios indicated he saw a patch of ice about one foot by a foot and a half upon coming to Mrs. Anderson's assistance. Koukios said he did not see any salt near the area where Mrs. Anderson fell. One witness indicated that the weather conditions were such that snow, melted by the sun, may have been refreezing in shadowed areas.

Plaintiffs filed a lawsuit seeking compensation for injuries Mrs. Anderson sustained as a result of her fall. Answers were filed by the defendants, although no cross-claims were filed. After several depositions had been taken, the homeowners filed a motion for summary disposition. The homeowners argued that on the day of the open house they were not home and that the clear and bright weather conditions caused accumulated snow to melt. The homeowners further argued that they owed Mrs. Anderson no duty because she was injured on ice that formed from the melting and thawing of a natural accumulation of ice and snow. The realtor defendants filed a one-sentence concurrence with the homeowners' motion. ¹ Plaintiffs opposed the motions, arguing that the reasonableness of the defendants' actions was a question for the jury to decide. Plaintiffs argued that the homeowners could be liable because they had left on a trip without salting or making further provisions for clearing the walks before the open house that was held for their benefit and with their knowledge. Plaintiffs further argued that the homeowners could be vicariously liable for the actions of the real estate agent, Koukios, because a principal is responsible for the negligence of its agent. The trial court granted the defendants summary disposition, reasoning that because the sidewalk had been cleared of snow the day before and there had been no new snow, defendants' conduct had been reasonable as a matter of law. The court explained that the law does not require a person to go back and reexamine the sidewalk on an hourly basis to determine if refreezing has occurred. The court also held that the agency relationship between the parties did not involve maintenance of the property and that the agent was not required to do snow shoveling or anything of that nature.

Because the trial court relied on information beyond the pleadings, we consider the motion to have been granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). A motion brought under this rule tests the factual sufficiency of a claim. We must give the benefit of reasonable doubt to, and make all reasonable inferences in favor of, the nonmoving party in determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists. Skinner v. Square D Co., 445 Mich. 153, 161-162, 516 N.W.2d 475 (1994).

There is no dispute that Mrs. Anderson was an invitee. A possessor of land has a duty to exercise reasonable care for the protection of an invitee. Schuster v. Sallay, 181 Mich.App. 558, 565, 450 N.W.2d 81 (1989); SJI2d 19.03. Further, it is the duty of a possessor of land to take reasonable measures within a reasonable period after an accumulation of snow and ice to diminish the hazard of injury to an invitee. Quinlivan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., Inc., 395 Mich. 244, 261, 235 N.W.2d 732 (1975); SJI2d 19.05. However, the possessor of land is not an absolute insurer of the safety of an invitee. Williams v. Cunningham Drug Stores, Inc., 429 Mich. 495, 500, 418 N.W.2d 381 (1988). Further, the existence of a legal duty is a question of law for the court to decide. Trager v. Thor, 445 Mich. 95, 516 N.W.2d 69 (1994).

Plaintiffs argue that whether defendants breached the duties they owed was a question for the factfinder. Plaintiffs note that they are not arguing that a continuing duty to reinspect exists. Rather, plaintiffs argue that defendants, knowing a specific time when a business event was to be held, were under a duty to take reasonable steps to make the entry sidewalk to that event as safe as possible, including the spreading of salt or sand where the danger of melting and refreezing of ice on the surface, a well-known phenomenon, was reasonably foreseeable. Mrs. Anderson further argues that just because she did not see the ice before she fell on it does not mean that the ice was not apparent or visible to anyone, e.g., someone whose duty is to keep the sidewalk clear. Plaintiffs contend that it is for the jury to decide whether defendants' failure to take action immediately before the scheduled open house was reasonable. Upon review de novo, Groncki v. Detroit Edison Co., 453 Mich. 644, 649, 557 N.W.2d 289 (1996), we find that summary disposition was properly granted to the homeowners but improperly granted to the realtor defendants.

In Quinlivan, supra, the Supreme Court overruled the natural accumulation rule ² in the invitor-invitee context. The Court held that an invitor has a duty to exercise reasonable care to diminish the hazards of ice and snow accumulation. This duty requires an invitor to take reasonable measures within a reasonable time after an accumulation of ice and snow to diminish the hazard of injury to the invitee. Quinlivan, supra at 261, 235 N.W.2d 732. Generally, this duty of care is owed by both the invitor who solicits business and the possessor of the premises. Merritt v. Nickelson, 407 Mich. 544, 551, 287 N.W.2d 178 (1980). Invitors are liable for dangerous conditions that might be discovered with reasonable care. Id. However, premises liability is conditioned upon the presence of both possession and control...