Annis v. State

• Decision Date: 26 November 1951
• Docket Number: Nos. 1,No. 33572,2,33572,s. 1
• Parties: ANNIS v. STATE
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

Page 473

68 S.E.2d 473

85 Ga.App. 188

ANNIS v. STATE.

No. 33572.

Court of Appeals of Georgia, Division Nos. 1, 2.

Nov. 26, 1951.

Rehearinging Denied Dec. 17, 1951.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT.

1. (a) Where a defendant is charged with burglary and the corpus delicti has been proved, if the defendant's guilt is dependent upon an inference arising from the possession of some of the described stolen property recently after the burglary, and this possession is shown by direct, uncontradicted and unimpeached evidence to be consistent with the defendant's innocence, such evidence should be credited and have the effect of overcoming the mere presumption arising from such possession of the property alleged to have been stolen in the burglary, but where the witnesses' testimony is contradicted by circumstances that can be taken as incompatible with such direct evidence as referred to above, the court and jury are not bound to refrain from exercising their own judgment and blindly adopt the statement of a witness or witnesses for the simple reason that no other witness or witnesses has or have denied the testimony and the character of such witness or witnesses has not been impeached.

(b) Since the jury was authorized to find that the two witnesses for the defendant whose testimony it was contended made applicable the rule, that the jury is forbidden to arbitrarily disregard direct and positive testimony which is wholly unimpeached, not contradicted, and in no way discredited, were members of a conspiracy to commit the crime charged in the indictment, such rule is not applicable.

(c) Under the facts and circumstances shown by the evidence and the foregoing rules of law, the verdict finding the defendant guilty of burglary was authorized.

2, 3, 4, 5. There is no merit in any of the special grounds complaining of the court's charge to the jury.

Jackson & English, Nashville, Robt. R. Forrester, Tifton, for plaintiff in error.

Edward Parrish, Sol. Gen., Adel, for defendant in error.

MacINTYRE, Presiding Judge.

1. The defendant was convicted of burglary. The jury was authorized to find that the corpus delicti had been proved as alleged in the indictment. The pressure here is not on whether the burglary had been committed, but whether the defendant was guilty of the burglary as charged in the indictment.

The jury was authorized to find that on Sunday, October 29, 1950, between 8:30 P.M. and 6:30 the next morning the burglary was committed; that the defendant, Tom Annis, and Perk Griffin were together the night of the burglary, from 'just about night until 9:00 P.M.'; that Griffin rode home with the defendant at about 9:00 P.M.; that the defendant and Pink Best met at about 11:00 P.M. on the night of the burglary in a negro section of Tifton, near a restaurant operated by Lee Williams' sister; that there Lee Williams joined them and Pink Best and Lee Williams went off in the defendant's car, and subsequently came back with 200 cartons of cigarettes which were later identified as some of the cigarettes stolen in the burglary here charged; that thereupon Pink Best and the defendant went to the defendant's house and there got into the car of the defendant's brother and went to Perk Griffin's house; that on Monday, at about 10:00 A.M., the defendant, accompanied by Pink Best, delivered 100( cartons of cigarettes to Perk Griffin, and these were later identified as being part of the cigarettes stolen in the burglary in question; that a few days later Lee Williams was arrested and 50 cartons of the stolen cigarettes were found in his possession; that when the cigarettes which Griffin had purchased were found in his house, on Friday after the burglary on Sunday night, Griffin told the officers he had bought them from the defendant; that the officers thereupon went to the defendant's house with a search warrant, but found no cigarettes, and when they told him what Griffin had said, the defendant said that Griffin was 'a liar'; that on a second occasion the defendant emphatically denied that he had sold the cigarettes to Griffin, but when the officers confronted the defendant with Griffin, the defendant admitted that he had sold Griffin the 100 cartons of cigarettes on the night of the burglary and had delivered them the next morning, Monday, that when the defendant was asked 'About the two cases that were left after selling Perk [Griffin] two cases--[that is] what he did with the other two[cases], he claimed that he burnt them,' because, after he heard of the burglary in question, he die not wish to be found in possession of the cigarettes; that when Griffin discovered that the cigarettes which he had bought from the defendant were unstamped, he took the matter up with the defendant and the defendant went to Tifton with Griffin and looked up Pink Best and told him the situation with reference to the cigarettes being unstamped; that Best thereupon saw Lee Williams and returned with tax stamps which were also identified by their serial numbers as having been stolen in the burglary in question, at the same time the cigarettes were stolen; that, thus, the defendant, and Pink Best, Perk Griffin, and Lee Williams were all found in possession of some of the stolen goods recently after the burglary; that the physical conditions at the scene of the burglary showed that more than one person participated therein.

The defendant undertook to explain his possession by saying that his meeting with Pink Best at about 11:00 on the night of the burglary was purely coincidental; that while he and Best were talking, Lee Williams came up and offered to sell him some cigarettes at a bargain; that they traded and the defendant got out of his car and sent Best and Williams to get the cigarettes; that they returned with 200 cartons, and the defendant, accompanied by Best, went to his home to get the money to pay for the cigarettes and not having enough money for this purpose, he took some of his wife's money; and, still accompanied by Best, the defendant went to the home of Perk Griffin at about 11:30and woke him and offered to sell him some of the cigarettes at the same bargain price at which he had obtained them, $1.25 per carton; that Griffin lent him, the defendant, $250, but the agreement was that he would deliver 100 cartons to Griffin and repay Griffin $150 upon the delivery of the cigarettes, and he would keep 100 cartons; but, Griffin's testimony was that the defendant did not repay him the $150 on the next day after the burglary when he delivered the cigarettes to him, and that the defendant repaid the $150 only after both the defendant and Griffin were both arrested and under bond. The jury obviously did not accept the defendant's explanation and convicted him of burglary.

'The recent, absolute, and unexplained possession of property stolen from a house proved to have been burglarized may be sufficient to authorize a conviction of burglary; but the presumption of guilt arising from proof of such facts is not one of law.' Cuthbert v. State, 3 Ga.App. 600, 60 S.E. 322; Lundy v. State, 71 Ga. 360.

It seems to us that from all of this contact with each other and the possession of the cigarettes by the defendant, Best, Williams, and Griffin on the night of the burglary, when considered with the circumstances connected therewith, the jury was authorized to find that there was a conspiracy between these men to commit the burglary charged in the indictment.

'In criminal law conspiracy is a combination or agreement between two or more persons to do an unlawful act, and may be established by proof of acts and conduct, as well as by direct proof or by express agreement.' Bolton v. State, 21 Ga.App. 184, 94 S.E. 95.

'There is no such crime as conspiracy under our law, but one may be found guilty of a crime caused by acts pursuant to an already formed conspiracy. The crime is the act prohibited by statute, not the conspiracy alone. The conspiracy of itself is no crime. 'The crimee in that prohibited by the statute, and the conspiracy is referred to as an incident, and one of the means by which the act is accomplished.' Bishop v. State, 118 Ga. 799, 802, 45 S.E. 614, 615.' Randall v. State, 73 Ga.App. 354, 370, 36 S.E.2d 450, 460.

Conspiracy being an incident and one of the means by which a criminal act is accompliahed, in order to authorize the court to charge on conspiracy, it is enough if there be evidence from which a legitimate inference can be drawn that there was a combination between two or more parties to do an unlawful act (this is the conspiracy) and that the combination was the means by which the criminal act was accomplished, and this inference may be drawn from proof of acts and conduct as well as by direct proof or express agreement.

"It is seldom that any one act, taken by itself, can be seen as tending to prove a conspiracy, but when taken in connection with other acts, it stendency to prove the fact may be more clearly discerned. We may be satisfied from circumstances attending a series of criminal acts, that they result from concerted and associated action, although if each circumstance was considered separately, it might not show confederation; but where linked together, circumstances that in themselves are inconclusive, yet taken as a whole, may show that apparently isolated acts spring from a common object and have in view the promotion of a common purpose.' 2 Wharton's Criminal Evidence (10th ed.), § 888.' Nelson v. State, 51 Ga.App. 207, 211, 180 S.E. 16, 19.

Frequently among the facts best proved is one which no witness has mentioned in his testimony, such fact being an inference from other facts. Randall v. State, supra.

The defendant contends that the rule, that the jury is forbidden to arbitrarily disregard direct and positive testimony which is wholly unimpeached, not contradicted, and in no way discredited, is applicable to the instant case, under the authority of Gibbs v. State, 8 Ga.App. 107, 68 S.E. 742; ...