Appeal of City of Keene, 95-867

• Decision Date: 29 April 1997
• Docket Number: No. 95-867,95-867
• Parties: Appeal of CITY OF KEENE.
• Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court

Page 412

693 A.2d 412

141 N.H. 797

Appeal of CITY OF KEENE.

No. 95-867.

Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

April 29, 1997.

Gerald J. Carney, City Attorney, Keene, by brief and orally, for petitioner.

Bradley, Burnett & Kinyon, PA, Keene (Beth R. Fernald, on the brief and orally), for Town of Swanzey.

Jeffrey R. Howard, Attorney General (Michael J. Walls, Senior Assistant Attorney General, on the brief and orally), for New Hampshire Department of Transportation.

Charles H. Morang, Concord, by brief and orally, for Swanzey Action Alliance, Eugene and Judith Armento, John E. Farwell, Edwin E. Aron, and Arnold Stymest.

Thomas R. Clark, City Solicitor, and Kevin St. Onge, Staff Attorney, by brief, for City of Manchester, as amicus curiae.

The other respondents filed no brief.

BRODERICK, Justice.

The petitioner, the City of Keene (city), appeals the Cheshire County Commissioners' (commissioners) denial of the city's request for a determination of public necessity, a statutory predicate to the city initiating eminent domain proceedings for an extraterritorial airport taking. See RSA 423:3 (1991). We vacate and remand.

The city owns and operates the Dillant-Hopkins Airport (airport), which lies almost entirely within the boundaries of the Town of Swanzey (town). Pursuant to this court's ruling in City of Keene v. Armento, 139 N.H. 228, 651 A.2d 924 (1994), the city entered and surveyed property in the town either abutting or in the immediate vicinity of the airport to locate, define, and determine the extent of obstructions to air navigation. See id. at 235, 651 A.2d at 928. After completing this work, the city in July 1995 filed petitions with the commissioners requesting that they make a determination of public necessity for the city's proposed acquisition of certain land rights in the town for air navigational easements. See id. at 234, 651 A.2d at 927.

In August 1995, prior to the commencement of hearings before the commissioners, the city challenged the qualifications of the chair, Gregory Martin. The city asserted that the former representation by Martin's law partner of two property owners in regard to the city's actions required his recusal from the proceedings. The commissioners determined that Martin need not recuse himself because he had not personally represented these property owners and was not aware they were his partner's clients until he learned the city would file the petitions at issue, at which time his law partner referred them to other counsel for representation in this matter.

Following hearings and a site review in October 1995, the commissioners unanimously voted to deny the city's request for a determination of public necessity. The commissioners subsequently denied the city's request for rehearing. Because Martin's law partner was again representing the same two property owners at the time the city requested rehearing, Martin abstained from that decision.

The city now argues that because the commissioners' review of a petition to determine public necessity under RSA 423:3 is quasi-judicial in nature, Martin's failure to recuse himself from the proceedings voids the commissioners' ruling. In the alternative, the city contends that the commissioners erred in balancing the public benefits of the proposed taking against the burdens and social costs in determining public necessity, rather than confining their review to whether the evidence submitted established the existence of obstructions to air navigation. Finally, even assuming the commissioners correctly used a balancing test in making their determination, the city maintains that their ruling was unreasonable.

As an initial matter, we address the town's contention that this court is without jurisdiction in this case. Following the denial of its request for rehearing, the city petitioned this court for a writ of certiorari to review the commissioners' determination. We treated the petition as an appeal under RSA chapter 541, which governs appeals from decisions of the public utilities commission and other administrative agencies, and accepted the case. The town moved to dismiss the case, arguing that the city's petition is legally insufficient to constitute an appeal under RSA chapter 541 because that statute's procedures do not apply to this decision. For purposes of this case, we need not decide whether the correct avenue for appellate review of a ruling by the county commissioners under RSA 423:3 is a petition for writ of certiorari or an appeal pursuant to RSA chapter 541. Whether viewed as a petition or an appeal, the case is timely before us, see Petition of Ellis, 138 N.H. 159, 160-61, 636 A.2d 62, 63 (1993), and the "only slightly" differing standards of review would not affect the outcome in this instance, Appeal of Dell, 140 N.H. 484, 487-88, 668 A.2d 1024, 1029 (1995). We therefore deny the town's motion to dismiss the appeal.

We turn next to the city's argument that Martin's failure to recuse himself voids the commissioners' ruling. The city contends, as it did before the commissioners themselves, that because of the quasi-judicial nature of the proceedings to determine public necessity, the former representation by Martin's law partner of two town residents whose property the city sought to take was cause for Martin's disqualification. The town, relying upon this court's decision in Appeal of Cheney, 130 N.H. 589, 551 A.2d 164 (1988), responds that the commissioners' determination of public necessity was not a quasi-judicial act.

Whether Martin's failure to recuse himself from the proceedings undermines the validity of the commissioners' ruling depends upon the characterization of the commissioners' task. See Winslow v. Holderness Planning Board, 125 N.H. 262, 265-66, 480 A.2d 114, 115 (1984). If their determination is best termed judicial or quasi-judicial, as opposed to administrative or legislative, we apply a stricter rule of fairness "both in deciding whether to disqualify an official, and in determining the effect of such a disqualification upon a decision." Id. at 266, 480 A.2d at 115 (citation omitted). A judicial or quasi-judicial act may be voided because of a conflict of interest, but an administrative or legislative act "need not be invalidated if the conflicting interest did not determine the outcome." Michael v. City of Rochester, 119 N.H. 734, 736, 407 A.2d 819, 821 (1979).

An act is judicial in nature if officials "are bound to notify, and hear the parties, and can only decide after weighing and considering such evidence and arguments, as the parties choose to lay before them." Sanborn v. Fellows, 22 N.H. 473, 489 (1851). We have recognized that a judicial function is involved when, for example, "an agency decides a dispute between two or more parties with competing interests," Michael, 119 N.H. at 736, 407 A.2d at 821, or a planning board determines whether a town's size and frontage requirements should be waived in a particular case. See Winslow, 125 N.H. at 267, 480 A.2d at 116.

Legislative and administrative action, by contrast, is marked by "its high visibility and widely felt impact," from which an aggrieved person can find an "appropriate remedy ... at the polls." Id. at 266, 480 A.2d at 116 (quotation omitted). Thus a municipality's actual decision to acquire extraterritorial land in connection with its management of an airport--such as the city made in this case--is an act legislative in nature, to which the courts accord great deference. See State v. 4.7 Acres of Land, 95 N.H. 291, 294, 62 A.2d 732, 734 (1948). It does not inevitably follow, however, that the commissioners' assessment of the public necessity for such acquisition of extraterritorial land should also be characterized as a legislative act.

When a municipality petitions the county commissioners for a determination of public necessity for an extraterritorial airport taking, RSA 423:3 dictates that "the procedure followed by the commissioners as respects notice, assessment and payment of damages, entry and appeal shall, so far as applicable, be the same as that prescribed for the public utilities commission in the case of taking land by a public utility as provided in RSA 371:1-13, inclusive." RSA chapter 371, in turn, provides that "[t]he commission shall, upon notice to all parties in interest, hear and determine the necessity for the right prayed for and the compensation to be paid for such right, and shall render judgment accordingly." RSA 371:4 (1995). These statutory directives require the commissioners to notify and hear interested parties prior to making a public necessity determination. Such a procedure contemplates a determination based upon an evaluation of evidence and arguments presented by parties with competing interests--in short, a ruling more adjudicative than legislative in nature. See Winslow, 125 N.H. at 267, 480 A.2d at 116; Sanborn, 22 N.H. at 488-89.

Our opinion in Appeal of Cheney is not to the contrary. Appeal of Cheney concerned a city's taking of commercial property to...