Armes v. Campbell, 6916

• Decision Date: 25 June 1980
• Docket Number: No. 6916,6916
• Citation: 603 S.W.2d 249
• Parties: Jay J. ARMES, d/b/a The Investigators, Appellant, v. Rita P. CAMPBELL, Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 249

603 S.W.2d 249

Jay J. ARMES, d/b/a The Investigators, Appellant, v. Rita P. CAMPBELL, Appellee.

No. 6916.

Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, El Paso.

June 25, 1980.

Rehearing Denied July 30, 1980.

See 608 S.W.2d 692.

Marshall I. Yaker, Dudley & Dudley, Paul W. Dudley, William C. Dudley, El Paso, for appellant.

Calhoun, Morton, Deason & Preslar, Charles A. Deason, Jr., El Paso, for appellee.

OPINION

OSBORN, Justice.

Rita P. Campbell sued Jay J. Armes and, based upon jury findings, recovered judgment against him for actual and exemplary damages resulting from findings of assault and false imprisonment. We affirm.

This case arises out of a custody dispute between Rita Campbell, the paternal grandmother of Jason Campbell, and Linda Sweet, the mother of the child, who hired Jay J. Armes, a private investigator, to assist her in obtaining physical possession of Jason. Following a divorce between the parents, Ken and Linda Campbell, they entered into a written agreement giving Linda custody of a daughter of the marriage and Ken custody of their son, Jason. Subsequently, Ken entered into an agreement with his parents in which he relinquished custody of Jason to the grandparents. After Linda remarried, she decided to locate her son, and she came to El Paso in December, 1977, with her brother and brother-in-law and hired Mr. Armes to assist her.

On December 21, 1977, Rita Campbell received a telephone call while at work, supposedly from the Judge in Oklahoma who granted Ken and Linda's divorce, advising that she would be arrested for kidnapping. Actually, the Judge had died more than two years prior to this telephone call. About 10:00 p. m. on December 21, 1977, Mrs. Campbell received another telephone call at her residence, advising it was from a deputy sheriff who claimed he had a warrant for her arrest. In fact, there was no warrant for her arrest. Mrs. Campbell got Jason out of bed and decided to drive to her husband's place of employment. Shortly after leaving her house, she said she was followed by a pick-up truck with Oklahoma license plates. Later, she was followed by a car driven by Mr. Armes. She testified he finally succeeded in forcing her to pull over to the curb on Dyer Street. She said at that time he told her she was under arrest for kidnapping and, when she started to leave, he told her: "Don't run! We'll get you." After a high speed chase down War Road, the engine in Mrs. Campbell's car exploded, and she was again required to stop, this time on Sun Valley Road. The pick-up then stopped in front of her car, and Mr. Armes' car was stopped directly behind her car. She sought help on her "CB" radio. When the City police officers arrived, she was very upset. After the officers reviewed the papers provided to them by both the mother and grandmother, they took Jason and gave him to Linda and she left.

The jury found Mr. Armes did falsely imprison Mrs. Campbell by preventing her from leaving Sun Valley Road, that he committed an assault upon her by chasing her on War Road, and that his conduct caused property damage to her vehicle. The jury assessed the damages at $650.00 for the car, $2,000.00 for false imprisonment, $3,000.00 for assault, and found exemplary damages of $7,500.00 for false imprisonment and $12,500.00 for assault. Judgment was entered on this verdict.

Along with other general instructions to the jury, the Court included the following:

You are instructed that the actions or conduct of the El Paso Police Department or the effect of what they did or failed to do in this case has no bearing whatsoever on whatever answers you may make to any of the following special issues.

By his first point of error, the Appellant asserts the trial Court erred in giving such instruction when the conduct of the police was substantial, was beyond the control of the Defendant, was an independent, intervening cause, and the instruction was a comment on the weight of the evidence.

Although not necessarily a model instruction, the Court was basically telling the jury that Mr. Armes was only responsible for his conduct and not that of the Police Department, and that, in deciding on his responsibility, to limit their answers to what he did and not include what the police "did or failed to do in this case." To that extent, we can understand why the instruction was requested and why it was given. Obviously, the police conduct did play a major role in the end result of what was sought to be accomplished. They, in effect, took the child from the grandmother and gave him to the mother. The police officers who testified readily acknowledged that they did not act properly and should not have intervened as they did. Thus, the instruction was given so the jury would not hold Jay J. Armes accountable for any wrongful conduct upon the part of the police.

Nevertheless, a comment on the weight of the evidence would be improper and in violation of Rule 277, Tex.R.Civ.P., which prohibits a direct comment on the weight of the evidence. Prior to the 1973 amendments of the Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 272 required the trial judge to "frame his charge as to * * * not therein comment on the weight of the evidence * * *." To do so could constitute reversible error. Fambrough v. Wagley, 140 Tex. 577, 169 S.W.2d 478 (1943); Hodges, Special Issues Submission in Texas sec. 10 (1959). The 1973 amendments placed the prohibition against a comment "directly on the weight of the evidence" in Rule 277, Tex.R.Civ.P., and provided that it shall not be objectionable if the charge "incidentally constitutes a comment on the weight of the evidence." A comment occurs, either in an instruction or in an issue, when the trial judge indicates an opinion as to the verity or accuracy of the facts in inquiry. McDonald Transit, Inc. v. Moore, 565 S.W.2d 43 (Tex.1978); Metal Structures Corporation v. Plains Textiles, Inc., 470 S.W.2d 93 (Tex.Civ.App. Amarillo 1971, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

We recognize that the trial court is permitted and, in fact, required to "submit such explanatory instructions and definitions as shall be proper to enable the jury to render a verdict * * *." Rule 277, Tex.R.Civ.P. This rule does give greater latitude to the trial judge than existed before the rules were adopted. Levermann v. Cartall, 393 S.W.2d 931 (Tex.Civ.App. San Antonio 1965, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Determining the validity of such an objection to the charge requires that we examine the charge in its entirety. Briseno v. Martin, 561 S.W.2d 794 (Tex.1977). When we do so, it is obvious that the issues inquired only about the conduct of Mr. Armes, and all the issues were as to his conduct prior to the time the police arrived at the scene. Thus, the instruction properly limited the jury's inquiry and prohibited their consideration of acts for which Mr. Armes could not be responsible after the police arrived. We conclude there was no error in giving the instruction complained about. City of Beaumont v. Henderson, 349 S.W.2d 301 (Tex.Civ.App. Beaumont 1961, no writ). The instruction was not a comment on the weight of any issue upon which Appellant's liability is based, and it had the effect of excluding from the jury's consideration conduct for which he should not be liable. Point of Error I is overruled.

Point of Error II asserts there is no evidence that the Defendant assaulted the Plaintiff by chasing her. Under a "no evidence" point, we consider only the evidence and inferences tending to support the jury finding and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821 (Tex.1965). The general nature of the offense of "assault" is set forth in Prosser, Law of Torts sec. 10 (4th ed. 1971), as follows:

The interest in freedom from apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact with the person, as distinguished from the contact itself, is protected by an action for the tort known as assault. No actual contact is necessary to it, and the plaintiff is protected against a purely mental disturbance of his personal integrity. This action, which developed very early as a form of trespass, is the first recognition of a mental, as distinct from a physical, injury. (Footnotes omitted). * * *

Any act of such a nature as to excite an apprehension of a battery may constitute an assault. * * *

In enumerating conduct which may constitute an assault, Professor Prosser includes chasing a person in a hostile manner.

Mrs. Campbell testified that, after the late evening telephone call about the warrant for her arrest, she got Jason in the car and left for her husband's place of employment. At first, she was followed by a pick-up and then a car. She went through a residential area and drove down Dyer Street real fast. The car that was following pulled up beside her twice, and then backed off some, and the third time it pulled up beside her she stopped and got out. She said the other car "came right up beside me on the driver's side as if he were going to force me over." She testified Mr. Armes got out of the other car, inquired about the...