Bagheri v. State

• Decision Date: 28 June 2002
• Docket Number: No. 04-00-00551-CR.,04-00-00551-CR.
• Citation: 87 S.W.3d 657
• Parties: Hossein BAGHERI, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

87 S.W.3d 657

Hossein BAGHERI, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 04-00-00551-CR.

Court of Appeals of Texas, San Antonio.

June 28, 2002.

George Scharmen, San Antonio, for appellant.

Scott Roberts, Assistant Criminal District Attorney, San Antonio, for appellee

Sitting: PHIL HARDBERGER, Chief Justice, ALMA L. LÓPEZ, Justice, CATHERINE STONE, Justice, PAUL W.. GREEN, Justice, SARAH B. DUNCAN, Justice, KAREN ANGELINI, Justice, SANDEE BRYAN MARION, Justice.

Opinion by: SARAH B. DUNCAN, Justice.

Hossein Bagheri was convicted of driving while intoxicated. On appeal he contends the trial court erred in admitting testimony regarding a retrograde extrapolation of the intoxilyzer test result. The State has confessed error, admitting that the facts here are no better than they were in Mata v. State, 46 S.W.3d 902 (Tex.Crim. App.2001), in which the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals concluded the trial court abused its discretion in admitting a retrograde extrapolation by the same witness who testified in this case. Id. at 917.

In keeping with our prior opinions in Hartman v. State, 2 S.W.3d 490, 494 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1999, pet. ref'd), and Mata v. State, 75 S.W.3d 499, 500-01 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2002, pet. filed) (not yet published), in which this court held that the error was harmless because the evidence was sufficient to support conviction under the alternate impairment theory, the State urges that the error was harmless. On our own initiative, we have reconsidered the harm issue en Banc and now hold that the sufficiency of the evidence under the alternate impairment theory is irrelevant; it does not establish that the error in admitting the flawed retrograde extrapolation analysis was harmless. We therefore overrule Mata and Hartman to the extent of the conflict and reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the cause for a new trial.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Bagheri was arrested at approximately 2:30 a.m. by Officer Randall McCumbers after McCumbers observed Bagheri's vehicle traveling at approximately 70 m.p.h., veer onto the inside shoulder of the road on two occasions, and, increasing his speed to approximately 85 m.p.h., move across three lanes of traffic without signaling. After Bagheri was stopped, McCumbers noticed that his speech was slurred, his breath smelled of alcohol, and his eyes were red and glassy. Bagheri seemed confused and stumbled when he exited his car; and he appeared unsteady as he walked to the rear of his car. Field sobriety tests indicated to McCumbers that Bagheri was driving while intoxicated. Intoxilyzer tests revealed Bagheri's blood alcohol level to be 0.113 at 3:34 a.m. and 0.107 at 3:37 a.m. At trial George Allen McDougall, Jr., Bexar County's breath test technical supervisor, testified that these intoxilyzer test results established that Bagheri's blood alcohol level was 0.10 or more at the time of the stop using a retrograde extrapolation.

The court's charge asked the jury to find whether Bagheri was guilty of the offense of driving while intoxicated and instructed the jury that a person is deemed to be intoxicated while driving within the meaning of the law if: (1) he does not have the normal use of his mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol into the body; or (2) he has an alcohol concentration of 0.10 percent or more. The jury found Bagheri guilty; and he was sentenced to eight months in jail, probated for 120 days, and fined $1500.

APPLICABLE LAW

Because the error of which Bagheri complains is nonconstitutional, we must disregard it unless it affected his "substantial rights." TEX.R.APP. P. 44.2(b). "[S]ubstantial rights are not affected by the erroneous admission of evidence `if the appellate court, after examining the record as a whole, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.'" Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex.Crim.App.2001). Stated another way, "[t]he accused's substantial rights are not affected unless there is a reasonable possibility that the errors are prejudicial; i.e., that they `might have contributed' to the defendant's conviction." Hinds v. State, 970 S.W.2d 33, 35 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1998, no pet.) (quoting United States v. Brown, 897 F.2d 162, 163 (5th Cir.1990)). Among the facts to be considered are whether the evidence was cumulative and whether it was elicited from an expert. See Solomon, 49 S.W.3d at 365.

DISCUSSION

The State argues the error in admitting the retrograde extrapolation was harmless because the court's charge submitted both the "per se" and "impairment" theories of intoxication; and the jury may have convicted Bagheri based on the impairment theory, which is supported by McCumber's testimony and the intoxilyzer test results. The State's argument is supported by our previous opinions in Mata v. State, 75 S.W.3d 499, 500-01 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2002, pet. filed), and Hartman v. State, 2 S.W.3d 490, 494 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1999, pet. ref'd).

Even if we assume the intoxilyzer test results would be admissible in the absence of a retrograde extrapolation tying the results to the time of the stop,¹ or that McCumber's testimony alone would be sufficient to establish intoxication under the impairment theory, the fact remains that the court's charge submitted both theories in a single question. As a result, we do not and cannot know which theory persuaded the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Cf. Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378, 388 (Tex.2000). Without knowing that the jury found Bagheri guilty under the impairment theory, the State's assertion that the evidence is sufficient to support conviction under that theory is simply irrelevant; it in no way leads us to a "fair assurance that the error [in admitting the retrograde extrapolation evidence] did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect." See Solomon, 49 S.W.3d at 365. We therefore hold the sufficiency of the evidence to support conviction under an impairment theory does not alone establish that the error in admitting a flawed retrograde extrapolation analysis was harmless and overrule Hartman and Mata to the extent of the conflict. We will instead adhere to the harm test enunciated by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. See id.

After reviewing the record, we cannot conclude that the retrograde extrapolation evidence "did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect." The retrograde extrapolation evidence was placed before the jury by an expert witness, whom the State touted in closing arguments as having "studied with the leading experts in the field in the United States"; and it was not cumulative of other evidence. We therefore hold the error was not harmless, reverse the trial court's judgment, and remand the cause for a new trial consistent with this opinion.

PHIL HARDBERGER, C.J., concurs.

Concurring opinion by: PHIL HARDBERGER, Chief Justice, joined by ALMA L. LÓPEZ, Justice.

I agree with the majority's conclusion that the admission of McDougall's testimony was harmful for the reasons stated in my earlier dissenting opinion in Mata v. State, 75 S.W.3d 499 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2002, pet. filed) (Hardberger, C.J., dissenting). In Mata, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that the trial court erred in admitting McDougall's testimony and remanded the case to our court for a harm analysis. See Mata v. State, 46 S.W.3d 902 (Tex.Crim.App.2001). In conducting the harm analysis, my dissent asserts that we should use an analysis similar to that used by the Texas Supreme Court in Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378 (Tex.2000). The reason is simple enough. If a jury is given both admissible and inadmissible testimony, which did they rely upon in reaching their verdict? "Because we cannot determine from our record which theory was the basis for the jury's verdict, the error is harmful and reversal is required." Mata, 75 S.W.3d 499, 503 (Hardberger, C.J., dissenting).

In this case, the majority undertakes the harm analysis because the State confessed error and stated that the facts in this case are no better than the facts in Mata v. State, 46 S.W.3d 902 (Tex.Crim.App.2001). The State did confess error during oral argument, but that cannot be the end of this court's analysis.¹ The State's confession is a non-dispositive factor that we consider along with other relevant information. A well-principled attorney may confess error because he believes error exists and is honest enough to admit it. This is commendable behavior and assists both the court and the law. Ultimately, however, it is the court's job to make the determination of whether error occurred after reflection on the position of both parties. Quoting the United States Supreme Court, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals recently stated in a similar situation:

The public trust reposed in the law enforcement officers of the Government requires that they be quick to confess error when, in their opinion, a miscarriage of justice may result from their remaining silent. But such a confession does not relieve this Court of the performance of the judicial function. The considered judgment of the law enforcement officers that reversible error has been committed is entitled to great weight, but our judicial obligations compel us to examine independently the errors confessed. The public interest that a result be reached which promotes a well-ordered society is foremost in every criminal proceeding. That interest is entrusted to our consideration and protection as well as that of the enforcing officers. Furthermore, our judgments are precedents, and the proper administration of the criminal law cannot be left merely to the stipulation of parties.

When presented with confessions of error, we have agreed frequently that the able prosecutors have correctly concluded that error was presented. But we have always done so after an independent examination of the merits of the claim.

Saldano...