Banaghan v. Dewey

• Decision Date: 11 December 1959
• Citation: 340 Mass. 73,162 N.E.2d 807
• Parties: William L. BANAGHAN v. Francis Henshaw DEWEY, Jr., et al., Trustees. Conrad W. PETERSON v. BAY STATE ELEVATOR CO. William L. BANAGHAN v. BAY STATE ELEVATOR CO. Joseph DI LIBERTO v. BAY STATE ELEVATOR CO.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 807

162 N.E.2d 807

340 Mass. 73

William L. BANAGHAN v. Francis Henshaw DEWEY, Jr., et al., Trustees.

Conrad W. PETERSON v. BAY STATE ELEVATOR CO.

William L. BANAGHAN v. BAY STATE ELEVATOR CO.

Joseph DI LIBERTO v. BAY STATE ELEVATOR CO.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Worcester.

Argued Sept. 22, 1959.

Decided Dec. 11, 1959.

Berge C. Tashjian, Worcester (Richard G. Crotty, Worcester, with him), for defendants Dewey and others, trustees.

John M. Hart, Worcester, for plaintiff Banaghan.

Richard W. Mirick, Worcester (Sumner W. Elton, Boston, with him), for defendant Bay State Elevator Company.

James C. Donnelly, Jr., Worcester, for plaintiff Peterson.

Thomas S. Carey, Worcester, for plaintiff DiLiberto.

Before WILKINS, C. J., and RONAN, COUNIHAN, WHITTEMORE and CUTTER, JJ.

RONAN, Justice.

These are three separate actions of tort brought by the plaintiffs against the Bay State Elevator Company and another action by Banaghan against the owners of the building to recover damages sustained when a passenger elevator in which they were riding fell to the bottom of the pit. These actions were tried with one brought by DiLiberto against the owners which has since been settled, leaving for our consideration four remaining cases. They are here upon exceptions of the defendants to the denial of their motions to direct verdicts in their favor, to the denial of certain requests, and to portions of the charge.

The building, the Central Exchange Building on Main Street, Worcester, consisted of five stories. The first floor was occupied by two banks; the upper floors, by offices. Shortly before noon on the morning of February 7, 1949, the plaintiffs Banaghan and DiLiberto, tenants in the building, entered the elevator on the ground floor. It was being operated by the plaintiff Peterson, a licensed elevator operator. As it began to ascend, the passengers heard what they variously described as 'a clanging sound,' 'a metallic sound a grinding noise similar to the dragging of chains.' The elevator cab 'labored' until it reached the third floor where Peterson stopped it to permit Banaghan to leave, but before Peterson could open the door, the cab 'bounced' up and down, and plunged thirty feet into the pit below.

The elevator was equipped with two safety devices: a system of interlocks (also known as contact boxes), and a governor. The interlocks were electrical devices contained in metal boxes secured by screws to the door at each landing. Their function was to immobilize the elevator whenever a landing door was open. The governor was a device, within and at the top of the elevator shaft, the function of which was to bring the cab to a gradual, safe stop by triggering a safety clamp to the elevator rails in the event the cab attained a speed of 350 to 375 feet per minute.

On the day after the accident one of the contact boxes was found lying in the pit. The cables had been broken. On investigation it was found that the system of interlocks had been rendered inoperative sometime prior to the accident by disconnecting and taping its wiring. The governor too was found not to have been functioning. Its mechanism was 'frozen' from an accumulation of hardened grease and dirt of the consistency of sealing wax or dried varnish. A test made with a tachometer (an instrument for recording speed in revolutions per minute) revealed that the governor could not be spun fast enough to trip the safety clamp. It was spun up to 600 feet per minute and did not operate.

There was expert opinion evidence that the accident happened because one of the contact boxes became unfastened and fell into the pit, lodging in the mechanism and severing the cables. Had the interlock system been operating, the cab would have been immobilized when the contact box fell and the accident could not have happened. Nor could it have occurred had the governor been in working order. Compression of the buffer springs of the cab caused by the impact indicated that in its descent the elevator had attained a speed sufficient to trip the governor had it been functioning.

The elevator had been installed in the building in 1912 and, since 1923, had been serviced by the defendant Bay State Elevator Company. In 1926 Bay State installed new operating machinery--brake, motor, drum, car switch and cables--and in 1929 installed the governor. About 1925, 1926, or 1927 the elevator was subject to frequent interruptions in service as a result of its doors failing to close properly, thus immobilizing the cab as the result of the operation of the interlock system. The interlock system was disconnected 'probably around 1927.' The jury could have found that this was done by Bay State at the request of the then owners of the building.

There was evidence that Bay State had a continuing agreement with the trustees of the building to maintain, repair and inspect the elevator, except that major repairs--those costing $200 to $300 or more--required prior authorization by the trustees. There was also evidence that Bay State had orally agreed with the owners to maintain the elevator in 'A-1 safe condition.' Over a period of years it had installed parts, replaced cables, repaired the control board, brakes and door latches, and kept the elevator lubricated. It rendered monthly statements to the trustees for 'oiling and inspection.' There was evidence from which the jury could infer that the elevator company had not cleaned the governor for more than ten years prior to the accident; that the congealed grease and accumulated dirt in the governor were readily observable upon inspection; that this condition had existed for at least six months prior to the accident; that Bay State was aware of the faulty condition of the interlocks; that the interlock which fell into the pit had been loose for some time prior to the accident; and that this defect too was discoverable upon proper inspection.

The trustees became owners of the building in 1943. There was evidence from which it could be inferred that certain of them knew prior to the accident that the interlocks were inoperative. The trustees had agreed with their tenants to keep the elevator in a safe condition. Their prior authorization was needed for major repairs, and very minor ones such as replacing burned out fuses were made by their servant Peterson, the operator. There was also evidence that on several occasions in the two to three months preceding the accident on February 7, 1949, the elevator was out of order, that in December, 1948, the cab began to vibrate noticeably in use, and that the vibration and bounces became progressively worse up to the time of the accident.

We first deal with the case of the tenant Banaghan against the trustees.

It is well settled that a landlord need only use reasonable care to keep his common passageways in as good a condition as they were or appeared to be at the time of the letting. Story v. Lyon Realty Corp., 308 Mass. 66, 69, 30 N.E.2d 845; Lee v. Jerome Realty, Inc., 338 Mass. 150, 154 N.E.2d 126. The presiding judge charged the jury in part that Banaghan could recover if deterioration were shown, and the jury could believe from the evidence that the elevator had been out of order on various occasions during the month or so previous to the accident, that its condition was deteriorating, and that the worsening condition finally culminated in its collapse at the time of the accident. The tenant may rely upon the appearance of safety when he enters into the lease. Draper v. Cotting, 231 Mass. 51, 60, 120 N.E. 365. The rule with respect to common passageways, often applied in cases involving defective elevator gates, Mikkanen v. Safety Fund Nat. Bank, 222 Mass. 150, 153, 109 N.E. 889; Story v. Lyon Realty Corp., 308 Mass. 66, 70-71, 30 N.E.2d 845; Brown v. A. W. Perry Co., 325 Mass. 479, 91 N.E.2d 229; McAvey v. Albany Realty Co., 328 Mass. 310, 314, 103 N.E.2d 326; Furber v. Rodney, 331 Mass. 16, 116 N.E.2d 661; Lee v. Jerome Realty, Inc., 338 Mass. 150, 154 N.E.2d 126, see Jones v. Wood, 330 Mass. 502, 505, 115 N.E.2d 367, or other defects in an elevator apparatus which are readily observable, Freeman v. Hunnewell, 163 Mass. 210, 39 N.E. 1012; Cushing v. Jolles, 292 Mass. 72, 76-77, 197 N.E. 466, does not, however, apply to hidden defects within the mechanism of the elevator not readily observable by the tenant. Cleary v. Cavanaugh, 219 Mass. 281, 106 N.E. 998; Ogden v. Aspinwall, 220 Mass. 100, 107 N.E. 448; Draper v. Cotting, 231 Mass. 51, 58, 120 N.E. 365. See Andrews v. Williamson, 193 Mass. 92, 78 N.E. 737; Chelefou v. Springfield Inst. for Sav., 297 Mass. 236, 239, 8 N.E.2d 769. Here the faulty governor and disconnected interlocks were defects not apparent to the tenants, and the fact, if it was a fact, that they were in the same inoperative condition at the time of the letting as they were when the accident occurred does not relieve the trustees of liability. Furthermore, there was evidence that the trustees had assumed a duty greater than that imposed under the common law rule. O'Brien, one of the trustee owners, testified that 'it was part of the owner's agreement with their tenants to maintain the front passenger elevator in a safe condition.' Such an agreement, albeit unusual, see Jacovides v. Chaletzky, 332 Mass. 225, 226, 124 N.E.2d 259, may supplant the common law obligation. Miles v. Janvrin, 196 Mass. 431, 82 N.E. 708, 13 L.R.A.,N.S., 378; Id., 200 Mass. 514, 516, 86 N.E. 785; Flanagan v. Welch, 220 Mass. 186, 189-190, 107 N.E. 979; Fiorntino v. Mason, 233 Mass. 451, 453, 124 N.E. 283; Eisenhauer v. Ceppi, 238 Mass. 458, 460, 131 N.E. 184; Boudreau v. Johnson, 241 Mass. 12, 134 N.E. 359; Cummings v. Copley, 244 Mass. 448, 450, 138 N.E. 803; Peirce v. Hunnewell, 285 Mass. 287, 189 N.E. 77; Trainor v. Keane, 304 Mass. 466, 467, 23 N.E.2d 1015; Bailey v. First Realty Co., 305 Mass. 306, 308, 25 N.E.2d 712; Levins v. Theopold, 326 Mass. 511, 95 N.E.2d 554. The charge...