Barbie v. Minko Const., Inc.

• Decision Date: 17 June 2009
• Docket Number: No. 20080214.,20080214.
• Citation: 2009 ND 99,766 N.W.2d 458
• Parties: Jody BARBIE, Plaintiff and Appellant v. MINKO CONSTRUCTION, INC. and Comstock Construction, Inc., Defendants and Appellees.
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

766 N.W.2d 458

2009 ND 99

Jody BARBIE, Plaintiff and Appellant v. MINKO CONSTRUCTION, INC. and Comstock Construction, Inc., Defendants and Appellees.

No. 20080214.

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

June 17, 2009.

Timothy M. O'Keeffe (argued) and Tatum O. Lindbo (appeared), Kennelly & O'Keeffe, Ltd., Fargo, N.D., for plaintiff and appellant.

Sarah S. Barron (argued) and Richard A. Clapp (on brief), Pearson Christensen & Clapp, PLLP, Grand Forks, N.D., for defendant and appellee Minko Construction, Inc.

Zachary E. Pelham (argued) and Patrick W. Durick (on brief), Pearce & Durick, Bismarck, N.D., for defendant and appellee Comstock Construction, Inc.

CROTHERS, Justice.

[¶ 1] Jody Barbie appealed from district court summary judgments dismissing her negligence claims against Minko Construction, Inc. ("Minko") and Comstock Construction, Inc. ("Comstock"). We affirm, concluding that Barbie failed to present competent, admissible evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact on an essential element of her claim and that res ipsa loquitur does not apply in this case.

I

[¶ 2] On July 2, 2003, Barbie, a teacher at Fargo North High School, was injured when a removable metal mullion bar fell on her as she was standing near the northwest gym entrance at the school. A mullion bar is a vertical metal bar that divides two exterior doors and is removable to allow movement of large objects into the building. This particular mullion bar required use of a key to remove it from the doorway, and it was keyed to match the master key for the school. No key was required, however, to replace the mullion bar after it was removed. Rather, the bar could be "snapped" back into place without a key. Barbie alleges the bar fell and injured her because it had not been properly snapped back into place when last removed.

[¶ 3] At the time of the incident, an expansion and construction project was underway at the school. Minko was the construction manager on the project, and Comstock was a subcontractor. Minko and Comstock each had keys which would unlock the mullion bar. Numerous Fargo Public School District employees, including administrators, custodians and delivery personnel, also had keys to the mullion bar.

[¶ 4] Barbie brought this action against Minko and Comstock alleging their negligence caused the mullion bar to fall, thereby causing her injuries. Minko and Comstock answered and moved for summary judgment, alleging there was no evidence that they were negligent. The district court concluded there was no competent, admissible evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact regarding Minko's and Comstock's negligence. The court therefore granted Minko's and Comstock's motions for summary judgment dismissing Barbie's claims.

II

[¶ 5] We recently outlined the relevant standards governing summary judgment under N.D.R.Civ.P. 56 in Farmers Union Oil Co. v. Smetana, 2009 ND 74, ¶ 8, 764 N.W.2d 665 (quoting Hasper v. Center Mut. Ins. Co., 2006 ND 220, ¶ 5, 723 N.W.2d 409):

"Summary judgment is a procedural device for the prompt resolution of a controversy on the merits without a trial if there are no genuine issues of material fact or inferences that can reasonably be drawn from undisputed facts, or if the only issues to be resolved are questions of law. A party moving for summary judgment has the burden of showing there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In determining whether summary judgment was appropriately granted, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, and that party will be given the benefit of all favorable inferences which can reasonably be drawn from the record. On appeal, this Court decides whether the information available to the district court precluded the existence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitled the moving party to judgment as a matter of law. Whether the district court properly granted summary judgment is a question of law which we review de novo on the entire record."

[¶ 6] If the moving party "`meets its initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, the party opposing the motion may not rest on mere allegations or denials in the pleadings, but must present competent admissible evidence by affidavit or other comparable means to show the existence of a genuine issue of material fact.'" Alerus Fin., N.A. v. Western State Bank, 2008 ND 104, ¶ 17, 750 N.W.2d 412 (quoting Riemers v. Grand Forks Herald, 2004 ND 192, ¶ 4, 688 N.W.2d 167); see N.D.R.Civ.P. 56(e). Rule 56 requires the entry of summary judgment against a party who fails to establish the existence of a material factual dispute as to an essential element of the claim and on which the party will bear the burden of proof at trial. E.g., Halvorson v. Sentry Ins., 2008 ND 205, ¶ 5, 757 N.W.2d 398. "`When no pertinent evidence on an essential element is presented to the trial court in resistance to the motion for summary judgment, it is presumed that no such evidence exists.'" Riemers v. City of Grand Forks, 2006 ND 224, ¶ 8, 723 N.W.2d 518 (quoting Kummer v. City of Fargo, 516 N.W.2d 294, 297 (N.D.1994)); see also Halvorson, at ¶ 5; Investors Real Estate Trust Props., Inc. v Terra Pac. Midwest, Inc., 2004 ND 167, ¶ 5, 686 N.W.2d 140; Zuger v. State, 2004 ND 16, ¶ 8, 673 N.W.2d 615. This Court has repeatedly cautioned that "mere speculation is not enough to defeat a motion for summary judgment, and a scintilla of evidence is not sufficient to support a claim." Heart River Partners v. Goetzfried, 2005 ND 149, ¶ 8, 703 N.W.2d 330 (quoting State v. North Dakota State Univ., 2005 ND 75, ¶ 8, 694 N.W.2d 225); In re Estate of Richmond, 2005 ND 145, ¶ 12, 701 N.W.2d 897; Investors Real Estate Trust, at ¶ 5; Zuger, at ¶ 8; Iglehart v. Iglehart, 2003 ND 154, ¶ 10, 670 N.W.2d 343. In order to meet the burden of establishing a genuine issue of material fact on an essential element of a claim, a party opposing a motion for summary judgment must present "`enough evidence for a reasonable jury to find for the plaintiff.'" Riemers, at ¶ 7 (quoting Iglehart, at ¶ 10).

III

[¶ 7] Barbie alleges the district court erred in concluding that she had failed to present evidence that either Minko or Comstock were responsible for the mullion bar falling and striking her and that she had therefore failed to establish the existence of a material factual dispute on an essential element of her claim.

[¶ 8] In a negligence action, the plaintiff must prove (1) duty; (2) breach of that duty; (3) causation and (4) damages. Miller v. Diamond Resources, Inc., 2005 ND 150, ¶ 10, 703 N.W.2d 316; Investors Real Estate Trust, 2004 ND 167, ¶ 7, 686 N.W.2d 140. In this case, no real dispute exists as to how the accident occurred. For purposes of these summary judgment motions, the parties agree someone with access to the mullion bar removed it and did not properly replace it, causing it to fall and strike Barbie. The elements of duty, causation and existence damages are therefore not in dispute. The core issue focuses upon the remaining element of negligence: which of the numerous individuals or entities with access and a key to the mullion bar breached its duty by failing to properly replace the mullion bar. To prevail on her negligence claim, Barbie had the burden of proving that either Minko or Comstock breached its duty to safely replace the mullion bar.

[¶ 9] Barbie failed to present any competent, admissible evidence from which a factfinder could reasonably draw an inference that either Minko or Comstock, as opposed to one of the other individuals with access to the mullion bar, breached its duty by failing to properly secure the mullion bar in place before it fell and injured Barbie. Professor Prosser has succinctly stated the rule of law governing such situations:

"It is never enough for the plaintiff to prove merely that the plaintiff has been injured by the negligence of someone unidentified. Even though there is beyond all possible doubt negligence in the air, it is still necessary to bring it home to the defendant. `The purpose of this requirement is to link the defendant with the probability, already established, that the accident was negligently caused.' On this too the plaintiff has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence; and in any case where it is clear that it is at least equally probable that the negligence was that of another, the court must direct the jury that the plaintiff has not established a case."

W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 39, at 248 (5th ed.1984) (footnotes omitted) (quoting Newing v. Cheatham, 15 Cal.3d 351, 124 Cal. Rptr. 193, 540 P.2d 33, 41 (1975)).

[¶ 10] In a factually similar case, the court in Wade v. Cove Shipping Co., affirmed a summary judgment dismissing the plaintiff's claims against the owner of a ship and a contractor repairing the ship because the plaintiff presented only opinion and conjecture about who had placed the manhole cover which allegedly caused his injuries:

"If, arguendo, the mere placing of a manhole cover on the manhole was an act of negligence, still plaintiff is under a burden to prove the identity of the person responsible for that act. . . .

"Plaintiff's only pertinent testimony on the identity of the tort-feasor was this:

"`I was in the tank, the cover was put on and covered up. I couldn't see who did it or how many did it or what. . . . I can say, in my opinion, it had to be either Bender [Shipbuilding and Repair Company], Metal Marine [Associates], or Cove Shipping [Company], because those were the only people onboard the ship.'

"In other words, plaintiff did not know who placed the cover; he just guessed that someone in the employ of Cove Shipping Company, Metal Marine Associates, or Bender Shipbuilding and Repair Company did it. This conjecture, we respectfully observe, does not substitute for a fact...