Barr v. Kelso-Burnett Co.

• Decision Date: 24 May 1985
• Docket Number: KELSO-BURNETT,No. 60426,60426
• Citation: 106 Ill.2d 520,88 Ill.Dec. 628,478 N.E.2d 1354
• Parties: , 88 Ill.Dec. 628, 120 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 3401, 102 Lab.Cas. P 55,499 Marton L. BARR et al., Appellees, v.COMPANY et al., Appellants.
• Court: Illinois Supreme Court

Page 1354

478 N.E.2d 1354

106 Ill.2d 520, 88 Ill.Dec. 628, 120

L.R.R.M. (BNA) 3401,

102 Lab.Cas. P 55,499

Marton L. BARR et al., Appellees, v. KELSO-BURNETT COMPANY et al., Appellants.

No. 60426.

Supreme Court of Illinois.

May 24, 1985.

Charles R. McKirdy, Pope, Ballard, Shepard & Fowle, Ltd., Chicago, for appellants.

Ronald L. Carpel, Ltd., A Professional Corp., Decatur, for appellees.

RYAN, Justice:

The issue involved in this appeal is whether the plaintiffs have stated a valid cause of action based on the tort of retaliatory discharge. The eight plaintiffs were formerly employed by the defendants as foremen at the construction of the Clinton nuclear power plant. Plaintiffs allege in their complaint that they were discharged in violation of certain constitutional and statutory rights. They allege that their discharge violated "an established public policy of the State of Illinois," presumably found in the statutory and constitutional rights allegedly violated. In particular, the complaint alleges that the discharge violated:

"a. Plaintiffs' right to Freedom of Speech as established by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America and by Section IV, Article I of the Constitution of the State of Illinois;

b. Plaintiffs' right not to be Deprived of Property, that is their right of employment with the Defendants as an at-will employee, without due process of law, as provided by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America, and Section III, Article I of the Constitution of the State of Illinois.

c. Plaintiffs' Right to Equal Protection of the laws, as provided by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America and in Section II, Article I of the Constitution of the State of Illinois.

d. Plaintiff's right to privacy of his communications with others as provided by Section VI, Article I of the Constitution of the State of Illinois;

e. Plaintiffs' right to be free from either being enjoined or restrained from terminating the relation of employment or from ceasing to perform any work or labor, or from peaceably and without threats or intimidation, recommending, advising, or pursuading [sic ] others so to do, or to peaceably and without threats or intimidation pursuade [sic ] any person or persons to work or to obstain [sic ] from working, or to employ or to peaceably and without threats or intimidation cease to employ any party to a labor dispute, or to recommend, advise or pursuade [sic ] others so to do, all in violation of Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 48, Paragraph 2a."

The complaint further states that the plaintiffs were told that they were being discharged for "intimidation of fellow employees" and that "plaintiffs had, prior to said discharge by the defendants without threats or intimidation and peaceably, informed fellow employees of layoff procedures being utilized."

The trial court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a cause of action but certified the question for interlocutory appeal by permission pursuant to our Rule 308 (87 Ill.2d R. 308). The appellate court denied the petition for interlocutory appeal, and we granted leave to appeal to this court. We now hold that the plaintiffs have failed to state a valid retaliatory-discharge cause of action.

A retaliatory-discharge cause of action was first recognized by this court in Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc. (1978), 74 Ill.2d 172, 23 Ill.Dec. 559, 384 N.E.2d 353. In Kelsay the employee was discharged in retaliation for filing a workmen's compensation claim against her employer. In deciding Kelsay this court examined the history and purpose of the Workmen's Compensation Act (Ill.Rev.Stat.1973, ch. 48, par. 138.1 et seq.) to determine the public policy behind its enactment. (Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc. (1978), 74 Ill.2d 172, 179-85, 23 Ill.Dec. 559, 384 N.E.2d 353.) This court then held that a cause of action based on the tort of retaliatory discharge was necessary to insure that the public policy behind the enactment of the Workmen's Compensation Act was not frustrated. Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc. (1978), 74 Ill.2d 172, 182-85, 23 Ill.Dec. 559, 384 N.E.2d 353.

In Palmateer v. International Harvester Co. (1981), 85 Ill.2d 124, 52 Ill.Dec. 13, 421 N.E.2d 876, this court again examined the tort of retaliatory discharge. The employee in Palmateer was discharged in retaliation for going to the police with information concerning possible criminal conduct by a co-employee and for agreeing to assist and cooperate with the police in their investigation of the allegations. In determining that a retaliatory-discharge cause of action was proper, the public policy behind the enactment and enforcement of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill.Rev.Stat.1961, ch. 38, par. 1-1 et seq.) was examined, and the court noted that public policy necessarily favored the exposure of violations of the Code. (Palmateer v. International Harvester Co. (1981), 85 Ill.2d 124, 132-33, 52 Ill.Dec. 13, 421 N.E.2d 876.) Thus, the court held that a retaliatory-discharge cause of action was necessary to insure that the public policy behind the enactment and enforcement of the Criminal Code would not be frustrated.

Contrary to plaintiffs' assertion, however, this court has not, by its Palmateer and Kelsay decisions, "rejected a narrow interpretation of the retaliatory discharge tort" and does not "strongly support" the expansion of the tort. The common law doctrine that an employer may discharge an employee-at-will for any reason or for no reason is still the law in Illinois, except for when the discharge violates a clearly mandated public policy. (Palmateer v. International Harvester Co. (1981), 85 Ill.2d 124, 128-30, 52 Ill.Dec. 13, 421 N.E.2d 876.) In Kelsay the public policy of allowing injured workers to freely file workmen's compensation claims was clearly mandated by the legislative enactment of the Workmen's Compensation Act as a comprehensive scheme for providing prompt and equitable compensation to injured workers. (Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc. (1978), 74 Ill.2d 172, 180-82, 23 Ill.Dec. 559, 384 N.E.2d 353.) In Palmateer the public policy of allowing citizens to freely go to the police with information concerning possible criminal conduct was clearly mandated by the enactment of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill.Rev.Stat.1961, ch. 38, par. 1-1 et seq.) and the need to enforce the Code in order to carry out the purpose behind its enactment. (Palmateer v. International Harvester Co. (1981), 85 Ill.2d 124, 132-33, 52 Ill.Dec. 13, 421 N.E.2d 876.) In the present case the discharge of the plaintiffs did not violate any clear mandate of public policy.

It is well established that the constitutional guarantee of free speech is only a guarantee against abridgement by the government, Federal or State; the Constitution does not provide protection or redress against private individuals or corporations which seek to abridge the free expression of others. (Hudgens v. NLRB (1976), 424 U.S. 507, 513, 96 S.Ct. 1029, 1033, 47 L.Ed.2d 196, 202-03; Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Democratic National Committee (1973), 412 U.S. 94, 93 S.Ct. 2080, 36 L.Ed.2d 772.) It is also well established that the other constitutional provisions relied on by the plaintiffs are also limitations only on the power of government. (See Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), 334 U.S. 1, 13, 68 S.Ct. 836, 842, 92 L.Ed. 1161, 1180 (fourteenth amendment erects no shield against merely private conduct, however discriminatory or wrongful); USA I Lehndorff Vermoegensverwaltung GmbH & Cie v. Cousins Club, Inc. (1976), 64 Ill.2d 11, 20-21, 348 N.E.2d 831 (due process and equal protection provisions of Illinois Constitution were intended to apply only to governmental actions); People v. Smith (1979), 72 Ill.App.3d 956, 964, 28 Ill.Dec. 766, 390 N.E.2d 1356 (provisions of Illinois Constitution, article I, section 6, creating a right of freedom from invasions of privacy applies only to invasions of privacy by governmental or public officials).) Furthermore, section 1 of "An Act relating to disputes concerning terms and conditions of employment," also relied on by plaintiffs, relates to the issuance of injunctions...