Berdy v. Buffa
Decision Date | 11 June 2019 |
Docket Number | SC: 159725,COA: 349171 |
Citation | 928 N.W.2d 204 (Mem) |
Parties | Connor BERDY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Sonja BUFFA, in her capacity as Elected City Clerk and Warren City Election Commission, Defendants-Appellees, and Fred Miller, Macomb County Clerk, Defendant. |
Court | Michigan Supreme Court |
On order of the Court, the motion to expedite is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the June 6, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REVERSE the judgment of the Court of Appeals. We agree with the dissenting Court of Appeals judge that the Warren Charter provides for a single class of city council members, subject to the term limits of the greater of three complete terms or 12 years in that office. See Warren Charter, §§ 4.3(d) and 4.4(d). We also agree that, because it is not disputed that the challenged candidates will have served those maximum terms by the time of the 2019 election, they are ineligible under the Warren Charter to be certified as candidates for that election. Further, we agree with the dissenting judge that plaintiff’s ability to show a clear legal right or a clear legal duty for purposes of mandamus does not depend upon the difficulty of the legal question presented. See Berry v. Garrett , 316 Mich. App. 37, 41, 890 N.W.2d 882 (2016) ( )(emphasis added and citation omitted). See also 55 CJS, Mandamus, § 74, p. 107 () .
We disagree, however, with both the Court of Appeals majority and dissent regarding the proper interpretation and application of § 4.2 of the Warren Charter, which provides that "[t]he council shall be the judge of the election and qualifications of its members, subject to the general election laws of the state and review by the courts, upon appeal." The Court of Appeals majority concluded that, under § 4.2, "[n]either the elections commission nor the city clerk has the power to apply the terms of the charter and determine whether candidates are ineligible to run for office." Berdy v. Buffa , ––– Mich. App. ––––, ––––, ––– N.W.2d ––––, 2019 WL 2401772 (2019) (Docket No. 349171); slip op. at 4. The dissent, by contrast, concluded that § 4.2 may not have any role to play in light of MCL 168.323, which places on city election commissioners the duty "to prepare the primary ballots ...." Id. at –––– n. 3, ––– N.W.2d –––– ( TUKEL , P.J., dissenting); slip op. at 6 n. 3. We believe both of these conclusions are incorrect.
City charter provisions of this type are not unusual. See 3 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d rev. ed.), § 12:148, p. 671 (). These provisions have a long lineage, see Naumann v. Bd. of City Canvassers of Detroit , 73 Mich. 252, 41 N.W. 267 (1889), and are based on analogous provisions in the federal and state constitutions, see U.S. Const., art. I, § 5 (); Const. 1963, art. 4, § 16 ().
Our Court has opined in the past about the policies undergirding municipal charter provisions similar to the one at issue here. In Naumann , 73 Mich. at 253-254, 41 N.W. 267, we stated as follows:
It has been very common in this State, for obvious reasons, to prevent delay and litigation, to vest in the legislative boards of municipal corporations the same power of determining the claims of persons to belong to them that is vested in Congress and the State Legislature. It is always important to have as little delay and confusion as possible in the organization of such bodies, which directly represent the people, and are assumed to have as correct a sense of official duty as any other representative bodies. Public policy does not favor needless disturbances in the tenure of office, and the practice referred to has commended itself generally, and is probably as little liable to error as any other popular administrative machinery.[1 ]
Accordingly, Michigan courts have regularly given effect to such provisions, declining to second-guess a determination made by such a legislative body. See, e.g., McLeod v. State Bd. of Canvassers , 304 Mich. 120, 129, 7 N.W.2d 240 (1942) ( ); Crossman v. Hanson , 4 Mich. App. 98, 102, 143 N.W.2d 783 (1966) () ; Houston v. McKinlay , 4 Mich. App. 94, 97, 143 N.W.2d 781 (1966) () .2
Importantly, however, Michigan courts applying either Const. 1963, art. 4, § 16, or an equivalent municipal charter provision, have consistently done so in the context of a post-election challenge to the results of an election. In addition to the cases cited above, every other case we have found (and that the parties have directed us to) applying such a provision has done so in the context of a challenge to the results of an election. See, e.g., People ex rel. Cooley v. Fitzgerald , 41 Mich. 2, 2 N.W. 179 (1879) ; Cooley v. Ashley , 43 Mich. 458, 458, 5 N.W. 659 (1880) ; Alta v. Simpson , 46 Mich. 138, 139, 8 N.W. 724 (1881) ; Auditor General v. Bd. of Supervisors of Menominee Co. , 89 Mich. 552, 567, 51 N.W. 483 (1891) ; Belknap v. Bd. of Canvassers of Ionia Co. , 94 Mich. 516, 516-517, 54 N.W. 376 (1893) ; Attorney General ex rel. Beers v. Bd. of Canvassers of Seventh Senatorial Dist. , 155 Mich. 44, 45, 118 N.W. 584 (1908) ; Sinclair v. Common Council of City of Grand Rapids , 181 Mich. 186, 187, 147 N.W. 942 (1914).
This makes sense—by their plain language, these provisions grant a legislative body the authority to review the election and qualifications "of its members."3 See Warren Charter, § 4.2 () (emphasis added); Const. 1963, art. 4, § 16 () (emphasis added). Until an election is actually completed, and a winner announced, a challenged individual is merely a candidate , rather than a member , of a legislative body. See Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (1974) (defining "candidate" as "one that aspires to or is nominated or qualified for an office, membership, or award" and "member" as "one of the individuals composing a group"). A mere candidate would have no grounds for claiming membership within a legislative body before an election has occurred. Cf. Barry v. United States ex rel. Cunningham , 279 U.S. 597, 614, 49 S.Ct. 452, 73 L.Ed. 867 (1929) ...
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