Besel v. Viking Ins. Co. of Wisconsin, 71071-6.

• Decision Date: 18 July 2002
• Docket Number: No. 71071-6.,71071-6.
• Citation: 146 Wash.2d 730,49 P.3d 887
• Parties: Robert E. BESEL, Appellant, v. VIKING INSURANCE COMPANY OF WISCONSIN, doing business in Washington, Respondent.
• Court: Washington Supreme Court

49 P.3d 887

146 Wash.2d 730

Robert E. BESEL, Appellant, v. VIKING INSURANCE COMPANY OF WISCONSIN, doing business in Washington, Respondent.

No. 71071-6.

Supreme Court of Washington, En Banc.

Argued January 29, 2002.

Decided July 18, 2002.

Michael Riccelli, Spokane, for Petitioner/Appellant. Keefe King & Bowman, James King, Spokane, for Appellee/Respondent. Bryan Harnetiaux, Debra Stephens, Spokane, Gregg Tinker, Seattle, Amicus Curiae on Behalf of Wash. St. Trial Lawyers Ass'n Foundation.

JOHNSON, J.

This case involves the issue of whether a covenant not to execute a judgment against an insured precludes a showing of harm where the insured has settled a claim his insurance company refused in bad faith to settle. We are further asked to determine whether such a settlement amount is the proper measure of damages when a trial court approves it as reasonable. We hold a covenant not to execute does not preclude a showing of harm to the insured and a settlement approved as reasonable is the proper measure of damage caused by an insurance company's bad faith.

FACTS

On August 18, 1990, Mark Ralston, while under the influence of alcohol and attempting to elude police, lost control of his speeding truck and crashed into a tree. One of his passengers, Robert Besel suffered extensive injuries to his left foot and lesser injuries to his right leg and head. Besel incurred approximately $20,000 in medical bills and lost approximately $10,000 in income.

On August 20, 1990, Ralston notified his insurer, Viking Insurance Company of Wisconsin, of the accident. Besel hired attorney Michael Riccelli to represent him. Riccelli telephoned Viking several times and wrote letters to the insurer on October 15 and November 28 demanding Ralston's policy limits. Viking did not respond for almost four months.

On December 10, 1990, Riccelli was contacted by a Viking representative who informed him Ralston's coverage limits were $25,000 per person/$50,000 per accident. On January 8, 1991, Riccelli sent a third letter to Viking detailing Besel's medical costs and demanding tender of Ralston's per individual policy limits. When Viking, again, did not respond, Riccelli sent a fourth letter on February 28, 1991 demanding Viking tender the full amount of its per individual policy limits by March 8, 1991. On March 12, Riccelli mailed Viking yet another letter and included copies of his previous correspondence to Viking because Viking had lost Besel's claim file. On March 13, Riccelli filed a lawsuit against Ralston on Besel's behalf. Unaware of his own liability, Ralston did not respond to the summons and complaint and an order of default was entered against him on April 4, 1991.

On April 4, Riccelli received a "speed letter" from Viking stating it refused to settle Besel's claim because the combined claims of the three passengers injured by Ralston might exceed the total coverage limit of $50,000. From August 1990 until April 1991, Viking did not advise Ralston that Besel offered to settle within policy limits and did not inform Ralston of his potential personal liability. Shortly after April 4, Viking retained an attorney to represent Ralston. On August 27, 1991, the trial court set aside the order of default with respect to the issue of Besel's damages, but allowed it to stand insofar as it established Ralston's negligence as the proximate cause of the accident.

Approximately eight months later, on April 6, 1992, Besel settled his claim against Ralston. In return for agreeing to a stipulated judgment of $175,000 and receiving Besel's promise not to execute it against him, Ralston agreed to assign all of his claims against Viking to Besel, thus enabling Besel to bring first party causes of action against Viking (a covenant judgment). The covenant judgment was expressly contingent on a finding and entry of an order of reasonableness consistent with criteria established in Chaussee v. Maryland Casualty Co., 60 Wash.App. 504, 803 P.2d 1339; 812 P.2d 487 (1991). On July 10, 1992, the trial court entered an order finding the settlement reasonable. Viking finally tendered the policy limits to Besel on August 21, 1992.

Acting in his own right and as assignee of all of Ralston's claims against Viking, Besel filed suit against Viking on July 28, 1993. He brought claims for negligence, breach of contract, bad faith, negligent and/or fraudulent misrepresentation, violation of the Consumer Protection Act (CPA) and the tort of outrage, and sought $150,000 in satisfaction of the unpaid balance of the judgment entered against Ralston.

The trial court dismissed all of the claims Besel asserted in his own right. Viking moved for summary judgment on all the claims Besel asserted as Ralston's assignee. Besel, as assignee of Ralston's claims, cross motioned for summary judgment on the bad faith and CPA claims. During argument on the summary judgment motions, Viking disclaimed any dispute with the reasonableness of the settlement amount. The trial court granted Viking's motion except for the bad faith and CPA claims. However, the trial court limited any award of damages on the bad faith claim to the contractual policy limit of $25,000, which Viking had already paid. Besel appealed.

The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court on the bad faith claim holding, as a matter of law, Viking had acted in bad faith. Besel v. Viking Ins. Co. of Wis., 105 Wash. App. 463, 478, 21 P.3d 293 (2001). The Court of Appeals also reversed the trial court on the issue of damages for Viking's bad faith, holding that damages were not necessarily limited to the $25,000 policy limits. The court declined to decide, however, if the appropriate measure of Besel's damages was the amount of the stipulated judgment. Instead, it remanded the case for damages to be determined at trial. The Court of Appeals did not suggest any criteria by which the trial court could measure Ralston's harm. Besel sought and we granted review to determine whether a covenant judgment approved by a trial court as reasonable is the proper measure of damages when an insurer acts in bad faith.

ANALYSIS

We have long recognized if an insurer acts in bad faith by refusing to effect a settlement for a small sum, an insured can recover from the insurer the amount of a judgment rendered against the insured, even if the judgment exceeds contractual policy limits. Evans v. Cont'l Cas. Co., 40 Wash.2d 614, 245 P.2d 470 (1952). This is the majority rule in the United States. See Stephen S. Ashley, Bad Faith Actions: Liability and Damages § 8:03 (2d ed.1997); 14 Lee R. Russ & Thomas F. Segalla, Couch on Insurance § 204:4 (3d ed.1999); 1 Allan D. Windt, Insurance Claims & Disputes: Representation of Insurance Companies and Insureds §§ 5:12, 5:13, 5:21 (4th ed.2001).

The same rule applies when an insured settles in similar circumstances. An insured may independently negotiate a settlement if the insurer refuses in bad faith to settle a claim. In such a case, the insurer is liable for the settlement to the extent the settlement is reasonable and paid in good faith. Evans, 40 Wash.2d at 628, 245 P.2d 470. Because the insured in Evans did not cross appeal from the trial court's ruling limiting his recovery to policy limits, we did not address the issue of an insurer's liability for settlement amounts in excess of policy limits. Nonetheless, Evans has been read to hold "that, when an insurer refuses, in bad faith, to settle a tort claim asserted by an injured party, the insured could settle the tort claim against him, which far exceeded his liability coverage, and recover from the insurer the amount paid in settlement in excess of the limits of the policy." Murray v. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 61 Wash.2d 618, 620-21, 379 P.2d 731 (1963). This case presents a single variation of this long established rule: the assignment of the insured's claim and a covenant not to execute against the insured. Viking argues Ralston suffered no harm from its bad faith because Besel promised not to execute the judgment against Ralston.¹ Having suffered no harm, Viking argues Ralston had no bad faith claim to assign to Besel.

We have already heard and addressed Viking's argument in Safeco Insurance Co. of Am. v. Butler, 118 Wash.2d 383, 823 P.2d 499 (1992). In Butler, the insurance company tendered a defense under a reservation of rights. The insured and the injured victim reached a settlement. The insured stipulated to damages of $3 million and judgment was entered accordingly. The insured also assigned his first party rights to any bad faith claim to the injured victim. In return, the victim agreed not to execute the judgment against the insured. As in this case, the victim in Butler agreed to limit his recovery to policy proceeds or any proceeds recoverable from a bad faith claim against the insurer. Responding to the insurance company's argument that the insured suffered no harm from the insurer's potential bad faith, we held "[an] agreement not to execute does not preclude a showing of harm." Butler, 118 Wash.2d at 397,823 P.2d 499. Nearly seven years before Butler was decided, we determined when a carrier acts in bad faith, "it is in no position to argue that the steps the insured took to protect himself [or herself] should inure to the insurer's benefit." Greer v. N.W. Nat'l Ins. Co., 109 Wash.2d 191, 204, 743 P.2d 1244 (1987). Washington courts have properly recognized that "a covenant not to execute coupled with an assignment and settlement agreement is not a release permitting the insurer to escape its obligation." Kagele v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 40 Wash.App. 194, 198, 698 P.2d 90 (1985); see also Steinmetz v. Hall-Conway-Jackson, Inc., 49 Wash.App. 223, 741 P.2d 1054 (1987)

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