Blake v. Springfield St. Ry. Co.

• Decision Date: 17 August 1978
• Citation: 379 N.E.2d 1112,6 Mass.App.Ct. 553
• Parties: Alfred BLAKE et al. 1 v. SPRINGFIELD STREET RAILWAY COMPANY.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

Page 1112

379 N.E.2d 1112

6 Mass.App.Ct. 553

Alfred BLAKE et al. ¹ v. SPRINGFIELD STREET RAILWAY COMPANY.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Hampden.

Argued Feb. 17, 1978.

Decided Aug. 17, 1978.

Louis Kerlinsky, Springfield, for plaintiffs.

David P. Connor, Longmeadow, for defendant, submitted a brief.

Before HALE, C. J., and KEVILLE and ARMSTRONG, JJ.

KEVILLE, Justice.

This is an action of tort brought by an eight-year-old child and his father for injuries sustained by the child on a school bus owned by the defendant and operated by one of its employees, a regular driver for that school year with twenty-three years' experience. All of his passengers were elementary school children, kindergarten through the sixth grade. The child (Alfred) was one of a group of twenty-five children being driven home from school. The trip was uneventful until the bus negotiated a right turn at an intersection while proceeding at a speed of between five and ten miles an hour. The road there was level, free of holes and obstructions. There was no change of speed, sudden application of brakes or unusual swerving, although there was some testimony from passengers that the bus seemed to hit a bump. The child was kneeling on the back seat of the bus facing toward the rear with third grade classmates on either side of him. As the bus was turning right, Alfred somehow hit his mouth on the top of the back of a seat located eight to ten feet forward of where he had been kneeling. Alfred fell to the floor. As he was being assisted to the driver, a young girl, otherwise unidentified, said, "Alfred hurt his mouth jumping around." The bus driver was permitted to testify to this comment.

Both the plaintiffs and the defendant claimed a jury trial. The case was referred to a master who found no negligence on the part of the defendant. The plaintiffs filed several objections to the master's report. Their motion to strike the report was denied and the case was tried to a jury who returned a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiffs seasonably appealed from the entry of judgment for the defendant.

The plaintiffs claim error in: (1) the inadequacy of the judge's instructions to the jury on the bus company's duty to supervise the children on the bus; (2) allowing the bus driver to testify to the comment of the girl following Alfred's injury; and (3) the exclusion of evidence proffered by the plaintiffs that within several weeks after the accident adult monitors were placed by the bus company on its school buses to supervise the children, that evidence having been offered to show "the feasibility of safety precautions which could have been taken, which were taken."

We conclude that the judge's instructions to the jury on the question of the bus company's negligence were inadequate. The plaintiffs sought to recover on two theories. First, that the driver's negligent operation of the bus caused Alfred's injury; and secondly, that the bus company was negligent in failing to provide adequate supervision of the children. In the course of his charge the judge instructed the jury several times in substance that if they should find that the driver was not negligent they were to return a verdict for the defendant. However, these instructions discounted the plaintiffs' second theory of recovery, that of inadequate supervision.

While the judge, in a supplementary instruction requested by the plaintiffs, added that the jury could consider whether there was proper supervision on the bus, ² we do not think that this supplementary instruction sufficed to offset the earlier instructions which inadequately described the possible scope of the defendant's negligence. The bus company owed Alfred "an onerous duty to protect . . . (him) from foreseeable harm." Brown v. Knight, 362 Mass. 350, 352, 285 N.E.2d 790, 792 (1972). See also Geary v. H.P. Hood & Sons, 336 Mass. 369, 370, 145 N.E.2d 716 (1957); Freeman v. Wilcox, 303 So.2d 840, 842 (La.App.1974); Harris v. Hardman, 133 Ga.App. 941, 942, 212 S.E.2d 883 (1975). It was for the jury to determine whether the defendant had met that obligation in its supervision of the children on the bus in order to prevent foreseeable injury. Brown v. Knight, supra. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314A, Illustration 7 (1965). In our view the limited instructions on the issue of negligence in the principal charge affected the accuracy of the charge as a whole and could have been misleading to the jury. Wilson v. Boston Redevelopment Authy., 366 Mass. 588, 592, 321 N.E.2d 819 (1975). ³

We turn to two evidentiary problems which are likely to arise in the course of a new trial. Apart from these, the plaintiffs' other assertions of error lack substance and we decline to pass upon them.

1. There was no error in allowing the bus driver to testify to the statement made by the young girl as Alfred was being brought to the front of the bus after the accident. The judge admitted the statement as part of the res gestae. The plaintiffs argue that the girl's statement was inadmissible claiming that in this jurisdiction a statement must be precisely contemporaneous with the underlying events to be within the res gestae exception to the hearsay rule. See Rankin v. Brockton Pub. Mkt., Inc., 257 Mass. 6, 11, 153 N.E. 97 (1926); Hughes, Evidence § 569, at 792 (1961). This position has been criticized (Commonwealth v. McLaughlin, 364 Mass. 211, 221 n.3, 303 N.E.2d 338 (1973); 6 Wigmore, Evidence § 1745, at 193, § 1756, at 230-231 (Chadbourn rev. 1976); Hughes, Evidence § 569, at 793 (1961)) and recent cases in the Commonwealth have moved from that position. Rocco v. Boston-Leader, Inc., 340 Mass. 195, 196-197, 163 N.E.2d 157 (1960). Commonwealth v. Hampton, 351 Mass. 447, 449-450, 221 N.E.2d 766 (1966). Commonwealth v. McLaughlin, 364 Mass. at 221-224, 303 N.E.2d 338. Presently a statement is admissible if its utterance was spontaneous to a degree which reasonably negated premeditation or possible fabrication and if it tended to qualify, characterize and explain the underlying event. The statement need not have been strictly contemporaneous with the event. Rocco v. Boston-Leader, Inc., supra. The trial judge is given...