Boyer v. Daum

• Decision Date: 27 January 1987
• Docket Number: No. CV 85-L-620.,CV 85-L-620.
• Citation: 665 F. Supp. 788
• Parties: William Robert BOYER, Petitioner, v. John DAUM, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Nebraska

665 F. Supp. 788

William Robert BOYER, Petitioner, v. John DAUM, Respondent.

No. CV 85-L-620.

United States District Court, D. Nebraska.

January 27, 1987.

Steven E. Guenzel, Lincoln, Neb. (Court-appointed), for petitioner.

Robert S. Spire, Atty. Gen., and Sharon Lindgren, Asst. Atty. Gen., Lincoln, Neb., for respondent.

MEMORANDUM

LAY, Circuit Judge, Sitting by Special Designation.

Donna Boyer was shot and killed at her home in Fremont, Nebraska, on July 15, 1980. A few hours after the shooting, the victim's son William turned himself in to Fremont police. After waiving his Miranda rights, Boyer confessed to shooting his mother. While in custody, Boyer also consented to a search of his car, where police found the gun used in the shooting. The State of Nebraska tried Boyer for first degree murder. Boyer did not take the stand or produce any witnesses. A jury found Boyer guilty of first degree murder, and the court sentenced him to life imprisonment. On appeal, the Nebraska Supreme Court affirmed Boyer's conviction. State v. Boyer, 211 Neb. 139, 318 N.W.2d 60 (1982).

Boyer subsequently filed a motion for post conviction relief pursuant to Neb.Rev. Stat. §§ 29-3001 to -3004 (Reissue 1985), claiming that he was denied effective assistance of counsel at trial due to counsel's failure to pursue a self-defense theory and failure to rebut with psychiatric testimony the element of premeditation. Boyer was afforded an evidentiary hearing and was represented by appointed counsel. The state district court denied the motion. Boyer subsequently filed pro se a second motion expanding the bases of relief to include claims of insufficient evidence of first degree murder and an excessive sentence. The district court determined that Boyer's second motion raised no constitutional issues and raised no issues that could not have been raised either on direct appeal or in the first post conviction proceeding. Accordingly, the court again denied the motion. Boyer appealed to the Nebraska Supreme Court, which affirmed the district court. State v. Boyer, 220 Neb. 312, 369 N.W.2d 644 (1985).¹

In his federal petition, Boyer raises a number of constitutional claims, including: (1) the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict of first degree murder; (2) his right to a trial by impartial jury was violated because the jury was not sequestered; (3) his right to effective assistance of counsel was violated due to counsel's failure to pursue certain defenses; (4) his right against self-incrimination was violated because he confessed while under the influence of drugs and because he had a history of mental disorders; and (5) his right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures was violated because he was incompetent when he consented to a search of his vehicle.

Discussion

The State argues that under the dictates of Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1981), the petition should be dismissed because it contains both exhausted and unexhausted claims. Dukes v. Lockhart, 769 F.2d 504, 506 (8th Cir.1985). Boyer responds that he has exhausted state remedies because Nebraska procedural rules bar post conviction review of issues raised on appeal and bar multiple post conviction petitions. See State v. Rust, 223 Neb. 150, 388 N.W.2d 483, 489 (1986) (following a judicial determination of post conviction claim, subsequent motions are properly dismissed except when motion shows on its face the prior unavailability of basis of relief); State v. Pope, 218 Neb. 361, 355 N.W.2d 216, 217 (1984) (post conviction petition may not be used as substitute for appeal, nor may issues determined on appeal be relitigated in post conviction proceeding).

Assuming that Boyer has failed to provide the state court the opportunity to review some of his constitutional claims, it is nonetheless clear that under Nebraska's current procedures, it would be futile to require him to attempt further state review. In a proper case, futility is an appropriate defense to a claim of failure to exhaust state remedies. Piercy v. Black, 801 F.2d 1075, 1078 (8th Cir.1986). This court holds that Boyer has exhausted his state remedies so as to confer jurisdiction over his federal claims.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Boyer first contends that his fifth amendment right to due process of law was violated because there was insufficient evidence to sustain a verdict of first degree murder. On direct appeal, the Nebraska Supreme Court concluded that there was sufficient evidence by which a jury could find that Boyer planned to murder his mother. Boyer and his parents quarreled frequently, and he had previously threatened his father with a gun. Boyer stated in his confession that on the morning of the murder, he had returned home after a night locked out of the house. His parents were at work, and Boyer had to break a window to gain entry because his parents had taken his keys and changed the locks. At about the same time, Boyer's mother returned home from work. Despite his mother's order to stay out of the house, Boyer went to his bedroom, closed and locked the door, and loaded a single-shot shotgun. His mother came to the door and demanded that Boyer open it. Boyer put the loaded gun under the bed and opened the door. He and his mother exchanged words, and then Boyer "just picked the gun up * * * she was standing there asking me what I was going to do with it and I fired it."

The court's review of this issue is governed by the standards set out in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979):

After In re Winship 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 the critical inquiry on review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction must be not simply to determine whether the jury was properly instructed, but to determine whether the record evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. But this inquiry does not require a court to "ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Once a defendant has been found guilty of the crime charged, the factfinder's role as weigher of the evidence is preserved through a legal conclusion that upon judicial review all of the evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to the prosecution. The criterion thus impinges upon "jury" discretion only to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law.

Id. at 318-19, 99 S.Ct. at 2788-89 (citations and footnotes omitted) (emphasis in original). See also United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 67, 105 S.Ct. 471, 477, 83 L.Ed.2d 461 (1984) (inquiry on review is whether evidence adduced could support any rational determination of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt). Further, a judgment by a state appellate court rejecting a challenge to evidentiary sufficiency is entitled to deference by the federal courts, as is any judgment affirming a criminal conviction. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at 323, 99 S.Ct. at 2791. The record contains ample evidence by which a jury could properly conclude that Boyer acted "purposely and with deliberate and premeditated malice." Neb.Rev.Stat. § 28-303 (Reissue 1979).

Confession

Boyer next contends that his confession should have been suppressed. After Boyer turned himself in, he was arrested and read his Miranda rights. He waived his rights and confessed. Boyer now argues that because these acts occurred while he was allegedly under the influence of drugs and because of his history of mental instability, his waiver of Miranda rights and subsequent confession were involuntary. Following a suppression hearing, the state district court denied Boyer's motion to suppress. On appeal, the Nebraska Supreme Court affirmed the district court's finding that Boyer's confession was freely and voluntarily given.

The United States Supreme Court has held that a person under the influence of drugs may be unable voluntarily and knowingly to make a valid confession. See, e.g., Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978) (defendant subjected to four-hour interrogation while incapacitated and sedated in intensive care). In Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963), a police doctor gave the defendant a drug with truth serum properties. The Court found the subsequent confession involuntary:

Numerous decisions of this Court have established the standards governing the admissibility of confessions into evidence. If an individual's "will was overborne" or, if his confession was not "the product of a rational intellect and a free will," his confession is inadmissible because coerced. These standards are applicable whether a confession is the product of physical intimidation or psychological pressure and, of course, are equally applicable to a drug-induced statement. It is difficult to imagine a situation in which a confession would be less the product of a free intellect, less voluntary, than when brought about by a drug having the effect of a "truth serum." It is not significant that the drug may have been administered and the questions asked by persons unfamiliar with hyoscine's properties as a "truth serum," if these properties exist. Any questioning by police officers which in fact produces a confession which is not the product of a free intellect renders that confession inadmissible.

Id. at 307-08, 83 S.Ct. at 754 (footnotes omitted) (emphasis in original).

These cases are...