Brackens v. State, No. 01-07-00827-CR (Tex. App. 12/17/2009)
| Decision Date | 17 December 2009 |
| Docket Number | No. 01-07-00827-CR.,01-07-00827-CR. |
| Parties | RAYMOND DOMINIC BRACKENS, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee. |
| Court | Texas Court of Appeals |
On Appeal from the 184th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 1085228.
Panel consists of Justices JENNINGS, KEYES, and HIGLEY.
I join the majority's opinion except to the extent the majority holds that Legg's opening, at the direction of police, files he had previously uncovered in the "My Shared Documents" folder on appellant's computer was "per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment and under article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution" and therefore constitutional error. See Slip Op. at 12. I agree with the majority that Legg was not acting as a state actor and did not violate appellant's expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment when he initially opened the "My Shared Documents" folder in the course of performing appellant's requested computer data transfer, discovered a number of files with labels indicating they contained child pornography, and opened one of them.1 I also agree that he was acting under the direction of the police when he opened the additional pornographic files he had originally discovered in plain view in his initial search of the "My Shared Documents" folder. I further agree that a "subsequent police search must be `limited in scope to the private party's search.'" Slip Op. at 12. I disagree, however, with the majority's conclusion that Legg's search at the direction of police of files with pornographic titles in the "My Shared Documents" folder that were in plain view after Legg initially opened the folder exceeded the scope of the initial private search and violated appellant's constitutional right to privacy.
Legg opened the file labeled "14-year old" to confirm that it contained child pornography because the file was "linked to a program that is very well known for downloading pornographic material." He discovered the image of an adult male in sexual congress with an underage female. Legg immediately closed the image and alerted his supervisor, Israel Bautista. Bautista contacted his supervisor, who instructed Bautista to contact the Houston Police Department ("HPD"). Bautista called the police and quarantined the computer in the store's cash office. An HPD police officer came to Circuit City within twenty minutes of Bautista's call. After arriving on the scene, the officer requested that Legg retrieve the computer and open the file containing the child pornography that he had previously opened. After the police officer viewed the original image, he asked Legg to open additional files in the same folder with the titles (1) "16Y slut, reelkiddy, one word, prn kiddy.mgpe"; (2) "Izzy2.mp"; (3) "kiddy-baby.mpeg"; (4) "Kiddy Vanessa 12 years, 36.mpeg"; (5) "Pedo 10-YO pussy.mpg"; (6) "Pedo-Vicky-doudu.mpeg"; (7) "Pedo Mff_suck.mpg"; and (8) "vicky string bikini, p thc., 11 year-old mpg." Legg then left the room and Bautista and the officer viewed eight of the nine additional images. The police officer seized the computer and placed it in the HPD property room.
HPD officer John Barnes was assigned the investigation on July 30, 2006. He made out an affidavit to the magistrate judge as follows:
On July 26, 2006, defendant brought his computer to Circuit City. This was a laptop computer described as a Compaq Computer Model No: V203US; Serial No: CNF4461126. Circuity [sic] City has the computer. Defendant, Raymond Brackens, brought the computer in for Circuity [sic] City to be fixed. Circuit City found numerous videos labeled "PEDO." The technician, Mark Leg [sic], stated that what he saw was at least 10 videos of female children ages ranging from 9-11 years old performing oral and vaginal sex with adult males. The file names where the pornographic images were observed were under the defendant's name. The technician immediately called HPD to come view the computer. A patrol officer came to Circuit City and viewed the pornographic images. After viewing the images, the patrol officer took custody of the computer and put the computer in the HPD property room. The computer is currently in [the] custody of HPD.
The magistrate judge issued the search warrant on August 1, 2006. After receiving the search warrant, Barnes took the computer from the HPD property room and transferred the computer to the HPD digital forensic lab. Barnes testified that thirteen illegal pornographic files were discovered.
Both the United States and Texas Constitutions protect an individual's legitimate expectation of privacy in the individual's home and personal effects from unreasonable government intrusion. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 9; see also Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Richardson v. State, 865 S.W.2d 944, 948 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). Both the United States and Texas Constitutions protect the same rights against unreasonable government intrusion to the same degree. Hulit v. State, 982 S.W.2d 431, 436 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Garza v. State, 137 S.W.3d 878, 884 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref'd).
Neither the Fourth Amendment nor the Texas Constitution, however, requires the exclusion of evidence obtained by a private party's search. Cobb v. State, 85 S.W.3d 258, 270-71 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Only the activity of government agents implicates a person's Fourth Amendment rights. United States v. Paige, 136 F.3d 1012, 1017 (5th Cir. 1998); United States v. Barth, 26 F. Supp. 2d 929, 935 (W.D. Tex. 1998). Thus, when a private party conducts a warrantless search, the constitutional guarantee against unreasonable government intrusion is not implicated unless the private party acts as an agent of government agents. Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 475, 41 S. Ct. 574, 576 (1921); Cobb, 85 S.W.3d at 270-71; Hall v. State, 643 S.W.2d 738, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983).
However, even if a private party does act as a governmental agent, a defendant has standing to complain that evidence was obtained by unreasonable governmental intrusion in violation of the Fourth amendment and the Texas Constitution and is therefore inadmissible only if he has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place invaded. Paige, 136 F.3d at 1017; Barth, 26 F. Supp. 2d at 936; Villareal, 935 S.W.2d at 138; Rogers v. State, 113 S.W.3d 452, 457 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2003, no pet.). "If the inspection by the police does not intrude upon a legitimate expectation of privacy, there is no `search' subject to the [Fourth Amendment]." Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 771, 103 S. Ct. 3319, 3324 (1983).
The protection afforded closed personal computer files and hard drives has been likened to the protection afforded by the Fourth Amendment to a person's closed containers and closed personal effects. See Barth, 26 F. Supp. 2d at 936-37; Zaratti v. State, No. 01-04-01019-CR, 2006 WL 2506899, at *8 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 31, 2006, pet. ref'd) (). "[T]he Fourth Amendment provides protection to the owner of every container that conceals its contents from plain view." United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 822-23, 102 S. Ct. 2157, 2172 (1982); Lown v. State, 172 S.W.3d 753, 759 n.5 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no. pet.). Thus, by placing data files in a storage device, such as a hard drive, a person manifests a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of those files. Barth, 26 F. Supp. 2d at 936-37; Lown, 172 S.W.3d at 759-60. However, "the protection afforded by the Amendment varies in different settings." Ross, 456 U.S. at 823, 102 S. Ct. at 2172. An expectation of privacy in the contents of a container may not survive if government agents have probable cause to believe that the container contains contraband. See id. at 823, 102 S. Ct. at 2172 (). In such a case, the scope of a warrantless search "is no narrower and no broader than the scope of search authorized by a warrant supported by probable cause." Id. Only the magistrate's prior approval is waived; otherwise, the search is "as the magistrate could authorize." Id. In Andreas, the United States Supreme Court held that once a container has been lawfully opened and found to a certainty to contain contraband—the container being, in that case, a sealed shipping container found to contain illicit drugs—the contraband becomes like objects physically within plain view of the police and the claim to privacy in the contents of the container is lost. Andreas, 463 U.S. at 771-72, 103 S. Ct. at 3324. The subsequent reopening of a container that has been lawfully opened and found to contain contraband is thus not a "search" within the meaning of the ...
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