Brecher v. Republic Argentina

• Decision Date: 16 September 2015
• Docket Number: Docket No. 14–4385.
• Citation: 806 F.3d 22
• Parties: Henry H. BRECHER, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA, Defendant–Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

806 F.3d 22

Henry H. BRECHER, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA, Defendant–Appellant.

Docket No. 14–4385.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued: Aug. 21, 2015.

Decided: Sept. 16, 2015.

Amended: Nov. 18, 2015.

Carmine D. Boccuzzi(Jonathan I. Blackman, Daniel J. Northrop, Jacob H. Johnston, on the brief), Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, N.Y., for Defendant–Appellant.

Jason A. Zweig(Steve W. Berman, on the brief), Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro LLP, New York, N.Y., for Plaintiff–Appellee.

Opinion

WESLEY, Circuit Judge:

Defining the precise class to which Argentina owes damages for its refusal to meet its bond payment obligations and calculating those damages have proven to be exasperating tasks. In this, the fourth time this Court has addressed the methods by which damages must be calculated and the manner in which the class is defined in this case and several similar matters, see Seijas v. Republic of Argentina(Seijas I), 606 F.3d 53 (2d Cir.2010); Hickory Sec., Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina(Seijas II), 493 Fed.Appx. 156 (2d Cir.2012)(summary order); Puricelli v. Republic of Argentina(Seijas III), 797 F.3d 213 (2d Cir.2015), we again must vacate the District Court's order and remand for specific proceedings.

By now, the factual background of these cases is all too familiar. After Argentina defaulted on between $80 and $100 billion of sovereign debt in 2001, see Seijas I,606 F.3d at 55, numerous bondholders, including Appellee here and those in the related Seijascases, filed suit. In Appellee's suit, the District Court entered an order on May 29, 2009, that certified a class under a continuous holder requirement, i.e.,the class contained only those individuals who, like Appellee, possessed beneficial interests in a particular bond series issued by the Republic of Argentina from the date of the complaint—December 19, 2006—through the date of final judgment in the District Court. Cf. Seijas I,606 F.3d at 56(same requirement in class definition). In earlier cases, the Republic had argued that secondary trading on the market made the classes “too fluid” to satisfy the requirements of Rule 23; the District Court rejected this argument in part because of the continuous holder definition. See H.W. Urban GmbH v. Republic of Argentina,No. 02 Civ. 5699(TPG), 2004 WL 307293, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 17, 2004).

The Republic's liability has not been seriously contested in this litigation. See Brecher v. Republic of Argentina,No. 06 Civ. 15297(TPG), 2010 WL 3584001, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 14, 2010). After this Court held in Seijas Iand IIthat the District Court's method of calculating damages was inflated and remanded with instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing, see Seijas I,606 F.3d at 58–59; Seijas II,493 Fed.Appx. at 160, the District Court entered an order in this case granting summary judgment to the Appellee on liability but denying summary judgment on damages in order to hold a similar evidentiary hearing. Order, Brecher v. Republic of Argentina,No. 06 Civ. 15297(TPG) (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2012), ECF No. 70. In place of the hearing, however, the Appellee in this case offered the District Court an alternative solution to its difficulties in assessing damages—simply modifying the class definition by removing the continuous holder requirement and expanding the class to all holders of beneficial interests in the relevant bond series without limitation as to time held. Despite the fact that a judgment on the merits had already been issued, the District Court granted the motion. Argentina promptly sought leave to appeal under Rule 23(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and on November 25, 2014, a panel of this Court granted leave to appeal.

DISCUSSION

We review a district court's class certification rulings for abuse of discretion, but we review de novoits conclusions of law informing that decision.In re Pub. Offerings Secs. Litig.,471 F.3d 24, 32 (2d Cir.2006). The District Court below neither articulated a standard for ascertainability of its new class nor made any specific finding under such a standard. Absent that analysis, we must determine whether the District Court's ultimate decision to modify the class “rests on an error of law ... [or] cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Parker v. Time Warner Entm't Co.,331 F.3d 13, 18 (2d Cir.2003)(internal quotation marks omitted). The District Court's decision rests upon an error of law as to ascertainability; the resulting class definition cannot be located within the range of permissible options.

Like our sister Circuits, we have recognized an “implied requirement of ascertainability” in Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In re Pub. Offerings Secs. Litig.,471 F.3d at 30; accord, e.g.,Marcus v. BMW of N. Am., LLC,687 F.3d 583, 592–93 (3d Cir.2012); DeBremaecker v. Short,433 F.2d 733, 734 (5th Cir.1970). While we have noted this requirement is distinct from predominance, see In re Pub. Offerings Secs. Litig.,471 F.3d at 45, we have not further defined its content. We here clarify that the touchstone of ascertainability is whether the class is “sufficiently definite so that it is administratively feasible for the court to determine whether a particular individual is a member.” 7A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller et al., Federal Practice & Procedure§ 1760 (3d ed.1998); see also Weiner v. Snapple Beverage Corp.,No. 07 Civ. 8742(DLC), 2010 WL 3119452, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2010)(a class must be “readily identifiable, such that the court can determine who is in the class and, thus, bound by the ruling” (internal quotation marks omitted)). “A class is ascertainable when defined by objective criteria that are administratively feasible and when identifying its members would not require a mini-hearing on the merits of each case.” Charron v. Pinnacle Grp. N.Y. LLC,269 F.R.D. 221, 229 (S.D.N.Y.2010)(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

On appeal, Appellee argues that a class defined by “reference to objective criteria ... is all that is required” to satisfy ascertainability. Appellee Br. 19. We are not persuaded. While objective criteria may be necessary to define an ascertainable class, it cannot be the case that any objective criterion will do.¹A class defined as “those wearing blue shirts,” while objective, could hardly be called sufficiently definite and readily identifiable; it has no limitation on time or context, and the ever-changing composition of the membership would make determining the identity of those wearing blue shirts impossible. In short, the use of objective criteria cannot alone determine ascertainability when those criteria, taken together, do not establish the definite boundaries of a readily identifiable class.²

This case presents just such a circumstance where an objective standard—owning a beneficial interest in a bond series without reference to time owned³—is insufficiently definite to allow ready identification of the class or the persons who will be bound by the judgment. See Weiner,2010 WL 3119452, at *12. The secondary market for Argentine bonds is active and has continued trading after the commencement of this and other lawsuits. See NML Capital Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina,699 F.3d 246, 251 (2d Cir.2012); Seijas II,493 Fed.Appx. at 160. Without a defined class period or temporal limitation, such as the continuous holder requirement, the nature of the beneficial interest itself and the difficulty of establishing a particular interest's provenance in the particular circumstances of this case make the objective criterion used here inadequate.Cf. Bakalar v. Vavra,237 F.R.D. 59, 65–66 (S.D.N.Y.2006)(necessity of individualized inquiries into provenance of artwork made class insufficiently “precise, objective and presently ascertainable” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Appellee argues that the class here is comparable to those cases involving gift cards, which are fully transferable instruments. However, gift cards are qualitatively different: For example, they exist in a physical form and possess a unique serial number. By contrast, an individual holding a beneficial interest in Argentina's bond series possesses a right to the benefit of the bond but does not hold the physical bond itself. Thus, trading on the secondary market changes only to whom the benefit enures. Further, all bonds from the same series have the same trading number identifier (called a CUSIP/ISIN), making it practically impossible to trace purchases and sales of a particular beneficial interest. Thus, when it becomes necessary to determine who holds bonds that fall inside (or outside) of the class, it will be nearly impossible to distinguish between them once traded on the secondary market without a criterion as to time held. See Ebin v. Kangadis Food Inc.,297 F.R.D. 561, 567 (S.D.N.Y.2014)(observing that ascertainability requirement “prevent[s] the certification of a class whose membership is truly indeterminable” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

A hypothetical illustrates this problem. Two bondholders—Aand B—each hold beneficial interests in $50,000 of bonds. Aopts out of the class, while Bremains in the class. Following a grant of summary judgment on liability, both Aand Bthen sell their interests on the secondary market to a third party, C. Cnow holds a beneficial interest in $100,000 of bonds, half inside the class and half outside the class. If Cthen sells a beneficial interest in $25,000 of bonds to a fourth party, D,the absence of a temporal limitation like the continuous holder requirement ensures that neither the purchaser nor the court can ascertain whether D's beneficial interest falls inside or outside of the class.⁴Even if there were a method by which the beneficial interests could be traced, determining class membership would require the kind of individualized mini-hearings that run contrary to the principle of...