Brooks v. State

• Decision Date: 16 February 1979
• Docket Number: No. 4,4
• Citation: 397 A.2d 596,284 Md. 416
• Parties: Arthur Nathaniel BROOKS v. STATE of Maryland.
• Court: Maryland Court of Appeals

Page 416

284 Md. 416

397 A.2d 596

Arthur Nathaniel BROOKS v. STATE of Maryland.

No. 4.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

Feb. 16, 1979.

George E. Burns, Jr., Asst. Public Defender, Baltimore (Alan H. Murrell, Public Defender and Mark Colvin, Asst. Public Defender, Baltimore, on the brief), for appellant.

Deborah K. Handel, Asst. Atty. Gen., Baltimore (Francis B. Burch, Atty. Gen. and Clarence W. Sharp, Asst. Atty. Gen., Baltimore, on the brief), for appellee.

Argued before MURPHY, C. J., and SMITH, DIGGES, LEVINE ^*, ELDRIDGE, ORTH and COLE, JJ.

ELDRIDGE, Judge.

The issue in this case is whether the "required evidence test" or the "actual evidence test" is the general standard under Maryland law for determining whether one criminal offense merges into another.

The defendant Brooks was charged in the Circuit Court for Wicomico County with assault with intent to murder John Frank Williams, in violation of Maryland Code (1957, 1976 Repl. Vol.), Art. 27, § 12, and with carrying a deadly weapon openly with intent to injure Williams, in violation of Art. 27, § 36. At the defendant's non-jury trial, the victim Williams testified that he, Catherine Anderson, and three of Mrs. Anderson's grandchildren, were in a park in Salisbury, Maryland, on August 23, 1976. The defendant Brooks later joined the group, and thereafter an altercation or argument between Brooks and Williams occurred. ¹ Williams and Anderson both testified that Brooks then went to his automobile and returned with a shotgun with which he twice shot Williams as the latter was attempting to run away. The defendant Brooks, on the other hand, testified that he shot Williams in self-defense.

The defendant was found guilty of both assault with intent to murder and carrying a weapon openly with intent to injure. He was sentenced to 12 years on the former conviction and 3 years on the latter conviction, the sentences to run consecutively.

Brooks took an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, arguing, among other things, that his conviction for carrying a weapon openly with intent to injure merged into the assault conviction. Although Brooks had failed to raise this issue in the circuit court, the Court of Special Appeals, invoking its authority under Maryland Rule 1085, excused the failure and considered the merger question on the merits.

Ten years ago, in Watts v. State, 3 Md.App. 454, 461, 240 A.2d 317, Cert. denied, 251 Md. 753 (1968), Appeal dismissed and cert. denied, 394 U.S. 214, 89 S.Ct. 1023, 22 L.Ed.2d 213 (1969), the Court of Special Appeals had held that the offense of carrying a weapon openly with intent to injure someone merged into the offense of assault with intent to murder that same individual. In the instant case, the Court of Special Appeals overruled Watts v. State, supra, held that there was no merger, and affirmed both convictions and sentences. Brooks v. State, 38 Md.App. 550, 381 A.2d 718 (1978). The court, quoting from Newton v. State, 280 Md. 260, 268, 373 A.2d 262 (1977), said that under both double jeopardy principles as well as Maryland merger law, the test for determining whether offenses merge is the "required evidence" test. Under this test, if each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not, the offenses are not the same and do not merge. Brooks v. State, supra, 38 Md.App. at 552, 381 A.2d 718. The Court of Special Appeals went on to hold that each of the offenses involved in the present case required proof of a fact which the other did not, and therefore there was no merger. Id. at 552-553, 381 A.2d 718. The court concluded (Id. at 553, 381 A.2d at 721):

"It is clear that Watts was decided under what the Court of Appeals has termed the 'actual evidence' test, i. e., whether the evidence actually produced at trial on both offenses is substantially the same. This test was specifically rejected by the Court of Appeals in Newton in favor of the 'required evidence' test quoted above. In light of Newton, we now overrule our holding in Watts that the offenses of carrying a dangerous and deadly weapon openly with intent to injure a named person and assault with intent to murder that person merge."

We granted Brooks's petition for a writ of certiorari, which was limited to the following question:

"Did the Court of Special Appeals err in concluding that this Court, in Newton v. State, 280 Md. 260, 373 A.2d 262 (1977), overruled a long line of prior decisions holding that the 'actual evidence test' was the proper test for determining whether two offenses merge?"

In this Court, Brooks does not challenge the holding by the Court of Special Appeals that, under the required evidence test, the two offenses here each require proof of a fact which the other does not and therefore should be deemed separate and distinct. Brooks also appears to concede that this is the appropriate standard for deciding whether separate offenses should be treated as a single offense for double jeopardy purposes. He argues, however, that the standard for determining merger of offenses is somewhat broader, and that if two convictions rest upon substantially identical "actual evidence," there should be a merger.

The so-called "same evidence" or "required evidence test" for determining whether two offenses arising from the same act or transaction are to be treated as one was recently set forth by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 166, 97 S.Ct. 2221, at 2225, 53 L.Ed.2d 187 (1977), as follows:

"The established test for determining whether two offenses are sufficiently distinguishable to permit the imposition of cumulative punishment was stated in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932):

'The applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not . . . .'

This test emphasizes the elements of the two crimes. 'If each requires proof of a fact that the other does not, the Blockburger test is satisfied, notwithstanding a substantial overlap in the proof offered to establish the crimes . . . .' Iannelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770, 785 n. 17, 95 S.Ct. 1284, 43 L.Ed.2d 616 (1975)."

As pointed out by the Supreme Court above, this test focuses upon the Elements of the two crimes rather than upon the actual evidence adduced at trial. The "required evidence" refers to that evidence needed, as a matter of law, to prove the crimes. This was explained in Thomas v. State, 277 Md. 257, 267, 353 A.2d 240, 246 (1976):

"The required evidence is that which is minimally necessary to secure a conviction for each statutory offense. If each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not, or in other words if each offense contains an element which the other does not, the offenses are not the same for double jeopardy purposes even though arising from the same conduct or episode. But, where only one offense requires proof of an additional fact, so that all elements of one offense are present in the other, the offenses are deemed to be the same for double jeopardy purposes."

See also State v. Frye, 283 Md. 709, 713-715, 393 A.2d 1372 (1978); Johnson v. State, 283 Md. 196, 203-204, 388 A.2d 926 (1978).

To the extent that there may be a suggestion in the Court of Special Appeals' opinion in the instant case that, prior to our opinion last year in Newton v. State, supra, the "actual evidence test" rather than the required evidence test was the general standard for determining merger of offenses in Maryland, such suggestion is erroneous. Moreover, the cases do not support the defendant's contention that the actual evidence test is presently the Maryland test for merger. On the contrary, the cases in this Court have consistently taken the position that the general test for determining merger of offenses, as well as for deciding whether two offenses should be deemed the same for double jeopardy purposes, is the required evidence test. Bynum v. State, 277 Md. 703, 706, 357 A.2d 339, Cert. denied, 429 U.S. 899, 97 S.Ct. 264, 50 L.Ed.2d 183 (1976); Cousins v. State, 277 Md. 383, 388-389, 395-396, 354 A.2d 825, Cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1027, 97 S.Ct. 652, 50 L.Ed.2d 631 (1976); Thomas v. State, supra, 277 Md. at 266-267; Flannigan v. State, 232 Md. 13, 19, 191 A.2d 591 (1963); Bennett v. State, 229 Md. 208, 212-214, 182 A.2d 815 (1962); Veney v. State, 227 Md. 608, 611-614, 177 A.2d 883 (1962); Young v. State, 220 Md. 95, 100, 151 A.2d 140 (1959), Cert. denied, 363 U.S. 853, 80 S.Ct. 1634, 4 L.Ed.2d 1735 (1960); Williams v. State, 205 Md. 470, 478-480, 109 A.2d 89 (1954); Rouse v. State, 202 Md. 481, 485-487, 97 A.2d 285, Cert. denied, 346 U.S. 865, 74 S.Ct. 104, 98 L.Ed. 376 (1953); State v. Coblentz, 169 Md. 159, 169, 180 A. 266 (1935); Gilpin v. State, 142 Md. 464, 467-470, 121 A. 354 (1923); Novak v. State, 139 Md. 538, 540-541, 115 A. 853 (1921). Thus the Court in Veney v. State, supra, after discussing the common law doctrine of merger and pointing out that it was not recognized in Maryland, 227 Md. at 611-613, 177 A.2d 883, went on to state (Id. at 613-614, 177 A.2d at 886):

"But this does not mean that the later and more modern concept of merger of offenses, whether it be considered under such terms as 'double jeopardy,' 'merger,' or 'divisibility of offenses,' fails to play an important role in criminal prosecutions today. For, as this Court pointed out when it quoted R.C.L. in Gilpin (v. State) supra (142 Md. (464) p. 469(, 121 A. 354)) to the effect: ' "It (common-law merger) has no application where both crimes are misdemeanors or both are felonies, though one may be of a much graver character than the other and punishable with much greater severity; but in such a case another principle applies, that is if the lesser felony (or offense) is a necessary ingredient of the...