Brown v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co.

• Decision Date: 06 May 1980
• Citation: 105 Cal.App.3d 482,164 Cal.Rptr. 445
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: Clarence C. BROWN, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. PACIFIC TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, Defendant and Respondent. Civ. 56005.

Page 445

164 Cal.Rptr. 445

105 Cal.App.3d 482

Clarence C. BROWN, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. PACIFIC TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, Defendant and Respondent.

Civ. 56005.

Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 4, California.

May 6, 1980.

Lipton & Margolin and H. Neil Margolin, Hollywood, and Keith A. Bregman for plaintiff and appellant.

Harrington, Foxx, Dubrow & Canter, and Peter Abrahams, Los Angeles, for defendant and respondent.

JEFFERSON, ^* Associate Justice.

Plaintiff Clarence C. Brown filed a complaint for personal injuries against defendant Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, a California corporation, on October 16, 1975. The complaint sought damages for a slip and fall accident which had occurred on defendant's premises on October 17, 1974.

Plaintiff did not serve defendant with a copy of the summons and complaint until March 15, 1975. After receiving an extension of time in which to plead, defendant, on May 18, 1978, filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff's action for lack of prosecution pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 583, subdivision (a). ¹

Before the hearing on defendant's motion, on June 9, 1978, plaintiff filed a request for entry of default, and default was duly entered that day.

On June 13, 1978, defendant filed an answer to the complaint. On June 28, 1978, the trial court vacated the entry of default upon petition by the Superior Court Clerk alleging it had been entered inadvertently due to clerical error.

On July 21, 1978, after hearing, the trial court granted defendant's motion to dismiss plaintiff's action for lack of prosecution and the order of dismissal was entered. Plaintiff has appealed from the order of dismissal which we affirm.

I Vacating the Default

Raising the issue for the first time on appeal, plaintiff contends that the court erred in vacating the default which had been entered. Plaintiff relies on Code of Civil Procedure section 585, subdivision 2, which provides, in pertinent part, for the entry of defendant's default if the defendant fails to answer the complaint, "(i)n other (than contract) actions, if the defendant has been served, other than by publication, and no answer, demurrer, notice of motion to strike (of the character hereinafter specified), notice of motion to transfer pursuant to Section 396b, notice of motion to quash service of summons or to stay or dismiss the action pursuant to Section 418.10 ( ² ) or notice of the filing of a petition for writ of mandate as provided in Section 418.10 has been filed with the clerk or judge of the court within the time specified in the summons, or such further time as may be allowed, . . . " In such a case, the clerk, or the judge if there be no clerk, upon written application of the plaintiff, shall enter the default of the defendant.

In the case at bench, the summons provided for responsive action within 30 days, i. e., to April 15, 1978, as it was served on March 15, 1978. Plaintiff did extend time to May 17, 1978, for defendant to plead. But on May 18, 1978, defendant filed the motion to dismiss, a one-day lapse of which plaintiff does not complain. The defendant's default was entered on June 9, four days before defendant filed its answer to the complaint.

It is well established, plaintiff argues, that the entry of a valid default in favor of plaintiff effectively terminates a defendant's right to take further affirmative action. Here, the trial court mistakenly and apparently without notice to the parties vacated the default on the ground that defendant's motion to dismiss the action was a responsive pleading which would bar entry of default pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 585. But that section does not include such a motion as an appropriate responsive pleading. Plaintiff, therefore, takes the position that the trial court erred in vacating the default and that such error was jurisdictional in the sense that its decision on July 21, 1978, granting defendant's motion to dismiss must be held to be void and of no effect.

It is true that the clerk's entry of default "cuts off the defendant's right to take any further affirmative steps such as pleading or motion." (4 Witkin, Cal.Procedure (2nd ed. 1971), § 148, p. 2809.) At this point, a defendant must proceed by proper motion to establish his entitlement to relief from the default taken "through his mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect." (Code Civ.Proc., § 473.)

No case has been called to our attention that deals with the problem created by the erroneous vacation by a court of a default. But what case law that exists on the subject of defaults suggests that entry of a default is not jurisdictional in the sense that it precludes a court from taking further action. There is decisional law which holds that if, after a defendant's default has been entered, a plaintiff amends his complaint in some substantial manner, he "opens the default" and defendant may then plead in timely fashion to the new complaint. (See, e. g., Linott v. Rowland (1897) 119 Cal. 452, 454, 51 P. 687; Leo v. Dunlap (1968) 260 Cal.App.2d 24, 27, 66 Cal.Rptr. 888.)

Some early case law accepted the principle that a plaintiff could waive the entry of a defendant's default by accepting pleadings from a defendant or proceeding with the litigation by trial. (Hestres v. Clements (1863) 21 Cal. 425, 426; Madison v. Octave Oil Co. (1908) 154 Cal. 768, 99 P. 176.)

While the cases holding that a defendant's default may be waived have involved subsequent affirmative action by the plaintiff in whose favor the default was entered, it is our conclusion that a failure of a party to assert a valid claim in the trial court that a default has been properly entered in the face of knowledge that such default has been erroneously vacated by the trial court, also constitutes a waiver.

It is significant that, in the case at bench, plaintiff took no action in the trial court to challenge the propriety of the trial court's order vacating the default, but, for the first time, has raised the issue here. Several viable alternatives were open to plaintiff. Plaintiff could have made a motion to strike the defendant's answer, challenging the legality of the trial court order vacating the default. (Cuddahy v. Gragg (1920) 46 Cal.App. 578, 580, 189 P. 721.) Instead, however, plaintiff chose to proceed, on the merits, with the hearing on the motion to dismiss. In so doing, plaintiff thereby waived the right to complain on this appeal of the trial court's erroneous action.

Had the matter been brought to the trial court's attention, plaintiff may well have prevailed on its motion to strike, and defendant would have had the burden of establishing the requisite showing pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 473. In any event, plaintiff should not have advanced its contention on this appeal as the first attack on the legality of the trial court's order that vacated entry of default.

II Discretion of the Court

Plaintiff also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in granting defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution. In opposing such a motion, the plaintiff had the "burden of showing excusable delay" in proceeding with the litigation. (Sanborn v. Chronicle Pub. Co. (1976) 18 Cal.3d 406, 418, 134 Cal.Rptr. 402, 556 P.2d 764.) Plaintiff presented to the trial court the affidavit of one of his attorneys, claiming that the delay was occasioned by the plan to gather the necessary medical information with a view toward settling the matter and avoiding overburdening the trial court. The affidavit also set forth that an associate in the law firm had been away from the office for a year and that there had been some difficulty with secretarial help.

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