Butala v. Automated Petroleum and Energy Co., Inc.

• Decision Date: 07 April 1995
• Docket Number: No. 94-00250,94-00250
• Parties: 20 Fla. L. Weekly D874 Parimal BUTALA, Appellant, v. AUTOMATED PETROLEUM AND ENERGY COMPANY, INC., a Florida corporation, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 173

656 So.2d 173

20 Fla. L. Weekly D874

Parimal BUTALA, Appellant, v. AUTOMATED PETROLEUM AND ENERGY COMPANY, INC., a Florida

corporation, Appellee.

No. 94-00250.

District Court of Appeal of Florida,

Second District.

April 7, 1995.

Rehearing Denied June 8, 1995.

Michael J. Kohl, Beltz, Ruth & Newman, P.A., St. Petersburg, for appellant.

Michael S. Rywant and Jill M. Deziel, Rywant, Alvarez, Jones & Russo, P.A., Tampa, for appellee.

ALTENBERND, Judge.

Parimal Butala appeals an order dismissing his personal injury complaint with prejudice. Despite some similarity between this case and Roberts v. Shop & Go, Inc., 502 So.2d 915 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986), review denied, 513 So.2d 1063 (Fla.1987), we reverse and remand for further proceedings. The amended complaint adequately states a cause of action in negligence for injuries occurring on the defendant's premises when the defendant's gasoline caught fire during an altercation initiated by a third person.

Mr. Butala's amended complaint alleges that on March 30, 1992, he was a customer at the defendant's self-service gasoline station on Hillsborough Avenue in Tampa, Florida. While on the premises, he was confronted by Halbert Pogue. The pleadings do not expressly state that Mr. Pogue was another customer, but do allege that he was a third party known by an employee of the defendant. The amended complaint explains that the defendant's employee knew Mr. Pogue was in a "foul mood" at the time of the incident.

The nature and extent of the confrontation between Mr. Pogue and Mr. Butala are not alleged in detail. Nevertheless, the allegations indicate the altercation was of sufficient duration and intensity that the defendant's employee dialed 911 for emergency assistance. Apparently, the employee took no other action to stop the fight or otherwise protect Mr. Butala. Before the police arrived, Mr. Pogue dispensed gasoline into an unauthorized container, threw it on Mr. Butala, and set him on fire. The plaintiff's amended complaint emphasizes that the employee failed to trip the emergency switch that would have shut off the gasoline pumps.

The trial court dismissed this negligence action with prejudice, primarily because of the similarities between these allegations and those in the well-known Roberts case. In Roberts, Billy Ferry obtained gasoline from the Shop & Go in an unauthorized container and carried the container to a nearby Winn Dixie grocery store. He entered the store and threw the gasoline on customers and employees. The resulting fire killed several people and seriously injured several others. ¹ The detailed allegations in the Roberts complaints explained the extent of Billy Ferry's mental problems and his fascination with fire. The complaints alleged that the employee at the Shop & Go was aware of Billy Ferry's pyromania. Over the strong dissent of Associate Judge Patterson, this court held in 1986 that Mr. Ferry's criminal behavior was unforeseeable as a matter of law.

We conclude that Roberts is distinguishable for several reasons. First, there is a significant procedural difference between the two cases. The facts surrounding Billy Ferry's crime were well publicized and thoroughly investigated. As a result, the plaintiffs in Roberts were able to allege the facts of the incident in great detail. As our opinion reflects, the complaints in Roberts alleged quotations from the anticipated testimony of the store clerk and many detailed facts not normally alleged within a complaint. Thus, the dismissal of the complaints in Roberts is more akin to a summary judgment than to a dismissal on the pleadings. Once the facts in this case have been developed to the extent that they were developed in Roberts, it is possible that the defendant will be entitled to a summary judgment on at least some of the plaintiff's theories. At this point, we need only hold that Mr. Butala's amended complaint alleges a cause of action.

Second, the source of the defendant's duty and the general standard of care arising from that duty are different in this case than in Roberts. Mr. Butala was on the defendant's premises as a customer at the time of this occurrence. The victims in Roberts were not in a store owned or operated by the defendant. Unlike the circumstances in Roberts, the defendant's duty and resulting standard of care in this case are those owed by a landowner to an invitee.

Under a premises liability theory, there is no question that the relationship between the defendant and Mr. Butala, as a patron of its self-service gasoline station, creates a duty of reasonable care. The more difficult question is whether that duty, as a matter of law, establishes a general standard of care requiring a self-service gasoline station owner to take reasonable steps to protect patrons from on-premises gasoline fires that may result from the unsupervised use of its pumps. See Dennis v. City of Tampa, 581 So.2d 1345 (Fla. 2d DCA), review denied, 591 So.2d 181 (Fla.1991); Spadafora v. Carlo, 569 So.2d 1329 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990). If the judiciary may properly impose such a general standard of care, then the specific conduct owed by this defendant at the time of the accident, i.e., the specific standard of care, is probably a question that must be resolved by a jury. For the reasons discussed hereafter, we conclude that the duty owed by a gasoline station with self-service pumps does include such a general standard of care.

Billy Ferry purchased his gasoline before he left Shop & Go's premises. Although it may have been unwise for Shop & Go to sell him the gasoline, legally, the gasoline was no longer owned by or in the control of Shop & Go at the time Billy Ferry ignited it. In this case, the gasoline belonged to the defendant. It was still in its care and on its premises when it was misused. Despite the flammability of gasoline, Florida law has not imposed strict liability upon the owner of a service station for distribution of gasoline, and the courts have not treated gasoline as a dangerous instrumentality comparable to an automobile. ² We announce no such rule in this case. But under an examination of "all the circumstances" for purposes of the simple negligence standard, the ordinary reasonable retailer should logically give more forethought to the risks arising from its gasoline, than from its less-flammable liquids. Cf. Westchester Exxon v. Valdes, 524 So.2d 452 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) (service station not liable to customer for burns caused by hot water from self-service customer's radiator).

Our decision in Roberts preceded the supreme court's opinion in McCain v. Florida Power Corp., 593 So.2d 500 (Fla.1992). The discussion in McCain clarifies the use of foreseeability both by the judiciary when defining a defendant's general standard of care and by the jury in determining specific standard of care. The earlier analysis in Roberts may not be entirely consistent with the analysis in McCain.

In McCain, the supreme court attempted to clarify the confusing role of foreseeability in the analysis of duty and proximate causation. See generally W. Page Keeton, et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts Sec. 42 (5th ed. 1984). It emphasized that there is more than one concept of foreseeability involved in the analysis of a complex tort case. In the judicial analysis of duty, foreseeability involves an assessment of the likelihood of a general threat of harm arising out of an activity. The supreme court characterized this type of foreseeability as the "zone of risk." McCain, 593 So.2d at 502. This test of foreseeability is a minimal legal threshold intended to place modest judicial control on access to the courts in tort cases. This type of "[f]oreseeability clearly is crucial in defining the scope of the general duty placed on every person to avoid negligent acts or omissions. Florida, like other jurisdictions, recognizes that a legal duty will arise whenever a human endeavor creates a generalized and foreseeable risk of harming others." Id. at 503.

Using this zone of risk to determine the general standard of care owed by a defendant in this case, the judiciary must decide only whether a general threat of harm to a customer arises when the customer is expected to pump his or her own gasoline at pumps that are easily accessible to other customers, without regard to their age, training, or state of mind. That a zone of risk is created by this human endeavor is difficult to deny. ³

By contrast, there are specific factual issues of foreseeability that arise once the courthouse doors are open. These factual issues are frequently clumped together and described as the foreseeability prong of proximate causation. See Stahl v. Metropolitan Dade County, 438 So.2d 14 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983). It is important to understand, however, that the difficult factual question of foreseeability for the jury in most cases is not whether it was foreseeable that injury would be caused by the act of negligence, but rather whether the defendant's act was negligent because the specific event causing harm was sufficiently foreseeable that the defendant reasonably needed to take steps to avoid or prevent the event. Thus, this narrow issue of foreseeability must be resolved by the jury in determining the specific standard of care owed by the defendant under all the circumstances, not in determining whether a breach of that specific standard of...