Calabrese v. State, 1D03-4203.

• Decision Date: 15 November 2004
• Docket Number: No. 1D03-4203.,1D03-4203.
• Citation: 886 So.2d 396
• Parties: Gennaro CALABRESE, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

886 So.2d 396

Gennaro CALABRESE, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 1D03-4203.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District.

November 15, 2004.

Fred Haddad, of Fred Haddad, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for Appellant.

Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General; and Daniel A. David, Assistant Attorney General, Tallahassee, for Appellee.

BROWNING, J.

An amended information charged Gennaro Calabrese (Appellant) with trafficking in cocaine with Karim Mathew Rauf by unlawfully and knowingly purchasing 28 grams or more, but less than 200 grams, of cocaine or any mixture containing cocaine (Count One); conspiracy with Rauf to traffic in cocaine (Count Two); and possession of cocaine with Rauf with the intent to sell (Count Three). Appellant went to trial on Counts One and Two. The jury found Appellant not guilty as to Count One and guilty as charged as to Count Two. On appeal, Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction for conspiracy to traffic in cocaine, and that the jury instructions were fundamentally erroneous regarding the conspiracy to traffic count on which he was convicted. Regarding the sufficiency of the evidence and assuming, for the sake of argument, that the specific issue were preserved for appellate review, see Showers v. State, 570 So.2d 377, 378 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990), we conclude that the State presented sufficient evidence to send the case to the jury. However, we find that the trial court fundamentally erred by failing to give the "independent act" special jury instruction in conjunction with the instruction on conspiracy to traffic in cocaine. See Reed v. State, 837 So.2d 366, 368-70 (Fla.2002). Accordingly, we reverse Appellant's conviction and sentence and remand for a new trial.

The State's theory of the case was that Appellant and Karim Rauf had agreed to purchase cocaine from Michael Edelen and had gone to Edelen's apartment, where (at the conclusion of the buy) they were arrested and taken into custody. Appellant concedes that the trial court correctly instructed the jury on the trafficking in cocaine count. The court announced that certain drugs and chemical substances are known by law as "controlled" substances, and that cocaine or any mixture containing cocaine is such a controlled substance. The jury was told that the elements of trafficking are as follows: 1) Appellant knowingly purchased a certain substance; 2) the substance was cocaine; 3) the quantity of the substance was 28 grams or more; and 4) Appellant knew the substance was cocaine. See § 893.135(1)(b)1.a., Fla. Stat. (2001); Concepcion v. State, 857 So.2d 299, 300 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003). The court then instructed the jury on criminal conspiracy:

Before you can find the defendant guilty of criminal conspiracy, the state must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt.

One, the intent of [Appellant] was that the offense of trafficking in cocaine, 28 grams or more, would be committed.

And, two, in order to carry out that attempt [sic], [Appellant] agreed, conspired, combined, or confederated with Karim Rauf to cause the purchase of 28 grams or more of cocaine to be committed, either by — either by them or one of them or by some other person. It is not necessary that the defendant do any act in furtherance of the offense conspired.

(Emphasis added). Next, the court instructed the jury on the lesser-included offenses of purchase of cocaine and conspiracy to purchase cocaine.

The trial court gave the "independent act" instruction to the jury as to Count One:

If you find that the crime alleged was committed, an issue in this case is whether the crime of trafficking in cocaine was an independent act of another person other than the defendant.

An independent act occurs when a person other than the defendant commits or attempts to commit a crime, one, which the defendant did not intend to occur, and, two, in which the defendant did not participate, and, three, was outside of and not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the common design or unlawful act contemplated by the defendant.

If you find that the defendant was not present when the crime of trafficking in cocaine occurred, that does not, in and of itself, establish a crime — that the crime of

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