Caltex Plastics, Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.

• Decision Date: 08 June 2016
• Docket Number: No. 14-55768,14-55768
• Citation: 824 F.3d 1156
• Parties: Caltex Plastics, Inc., a California corporation, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. Lockheed Martin Corporation, a California corporation, Defendant–Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

824 F.3d 1156

Caltex Plastics, Inc., a California corporation, Plaintiff–Appellant

v.Lockheed Martin Corporation, a California corporation, Defendant–Appellee.

No. 14-55768

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted April 7, 2016 Pasadena, California

Filed June 8, 2016

Fred A. Fenster (argued) and Caroline S. Heindel, Greenberg Glusker Fields Claman & Machtinger LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Plaintiff–Appellant.

Fred A. Rowley, Jr., (argued), Jeffrey Y. Wu, and Nathan Rehn, Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP, Los Angeles, California; Charles A. Bird and Matt Carter, McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP, San Diego, California, for Defendant–Appellee.

Before: JEROME FARRIS, DAVID BRYAN SENTELLE,^** and MILAN D. SMITH, JR., Circuit Judges.

OPINION

M. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

Caltex Plastics, Inc., (Caltex) brought claims for breach of contract and unfair competition against Lockheed Martin Corp. (Lockheed). Caltex argues that some contracts between Lockheed and the United States government require Lockheed to use certain materials that only Caltex is authorized to supply, and that Caltex is therefore the intended third-party beneficiary of those contracts. Caltex also claims that Lockheed's failure to use such materials is an unfair or unlawful business practice under California law. The district court dismissed Caltex's complaint for failure to state a claim. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

FACTS AND PRIOR PROCEEDINGS

According to Caltex's complaint, the United States government contracts with Lockheed to supply certain goods and services for the armed forces. These contracts require Lockheed to use a particular type of packaging material, designated MIL-PRF-81705E, that only Caltex is authorized to supply. Moreover, the Department of the Navy has issued a public advisory warning the departments of the armed forces against using non-qualified packaging. Caltex alleges that Lockheed does not use MIL-PRF-81705E packaging, notwithstanding its contractual obligations to the government.

Caltex claims that because of Lockheed's breach of its contracts with the government, Caltex has suffered $5,000,000 in damages. Caltex contends that it is entitled to sue for and recover those damages because it is an intended third-party beneficiary of those contracts.

Caltex also contends that Lockheed's failure to use the contracted-for materials is an unfair or unlawful business practice pursuant to California Business & Professions Code § 17200.

The district court dismissed Caltex's complaint for failure to state a claim. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

A complaint may be dismissed for failure to state a claim only when it fails to state a cognizable legal theory or fails to allege sufficient factual support for its legal theories. Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., Inc. , 622 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010). We must accept all well-pleaded material facts as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Wilson v. Hewlett–Packard Co. , 668 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012). However, the complaint “must [provide] sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.” Starr v. Baca , 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). Furthermore, the underlying factual allegations must “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief.” Id.

I. Interpretation of Federal Defense Contracts

Although contract law is usually a matter of state law, a contract entered into pursuant to federal law must sometimes be interpreted using federal law. See Smith v. Cent. Ariz. Water Conservation Dist. , 418 F.3d 1028, 1034 (9th Cir. 2005) ; see also Miree v. DeKalb Cty. , 433 U.S. 25, 28, 97 S.Ct. 2490, 53 L.Ed.2d 557 (1977). Federal law—including, where necessary, federal common law—governs questions of contract interpretation where (1) a “uniquely federal interest[ ]” is involved, and (2) “a significant conflict exists between [that interest] and the operation of state law.” Boyle v. United Techs. Corp. , 487 U.S. 500, 504, 507, 108 S.Ct. 2510, 101 L.Ed.2d 442 (1988) (quotation marks and alteration omitted). Under this framework, for example, federal law “exclusively” governs interpretive questions concerning the “obligations to and rights of the United States under its contracts.” Id. at 504, 108 S.Ct. 2510.

Of relevance here, “the liability of independent contractors performing work for the Federal Government ... is an area of uniquely federal interest.” Id. at 505 n. 1, 108 S.Ct. 2510. For preemption to occur, however, there must additionally be some conflict between state law and the federal interest. Id. at 507, 108 S.Ct. 2510. In Miree, for instance, the Supreme Court concluded that even though the operations of the Federal Aviation Administration were “undoubtedly [a federal interest] of considerable magnitude,” that interest was not threatened by the application of state law to the narrow issue of whether a third-party beneficiary under an FAA land-grant contract could sue for its violation. 433 U.S. at 30, 97 S.Ct. 2490. The Court did, however, carefully reserve the question whether federal law applied to the interpretation of the substantive rights and duties imposed by the contract. Id. at 31, 97 S.Ct. 2490.

Occasionally, a “federal interest [is] so dominant as to preclude enforcement of state laws on the same subject.” Sherwood Partners, Inc. v. Lycos, Inc. , 394 F.3d 1198, 1201 (9th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). In such matters, the need for a uniform federal rule can “suppl[y] the requisite ‘conflict’ for federal preemption.” New SD, Inc. v. Rockwell Int'l Corp. , 79 F.3d 953, 955 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing Boyle , 487 U.S. at 508, 108 S.Ct. 2510 ); see Miree , 433 U.S. at 29, 97 S.Ct. 2490. For example, we have held that “[c]ontracts implementing federally-funded water reclamation projects” are such a subject, Smith , 418 F.3d at 1034, as are questions concerning “resolution of the affairs of failed banks.” GECCMC 2005 – C1 Plummer St. Office Ltd. P'ship v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, Nat'l Ass'n , 671 F.3d 1027, 1032 (9th Cir. 2012). Of special importance in this case, so are “government contract matters having to do with national security.” New SD , 79 F.3d at 955 ; see also Sherwood Partners , 394 F.3d at 1201. In such cases, even the question whether a third-party beneficiary may sue under the contract—the same issue for which state law was held to govern in Miree —is governed by federal common law. See JP Morgan , 671 F.3d at 1032–33 ; Smith , 418 F.3d at 1034.

The contracts at issue here undisputedly deal with national security. They concern, inter alia , the “design, manufacture, and support” of “military aircraft,” “missiles and guided weapons,” “missile defense products,” “naval systems,” and “unmanned [weapons] systems.” Cf. New SD , 79 F.3d at 954 (describing the contract at issue, which concerned the production of a “navigational component” for a “space-based anti-ballistic missile”). If, under such contracts, the liability of defense contractors to third parties were to vary on a state-by-state basis, the resultant uncertainty would doubtless raise “the cost of national security.” New SD , 79 F.3d at 955. The uniquely federal interest in the liability of defense contractors to third parties is sufficiently dominant to demand a uniform, federal rule. Thus, whether Caltex may sue Lockheed based upon Lockheed's contracts with the federal government is governed by federal common law.

II. Third–Party Beneficiary Claim

A third party that wishes to sue under a government contract must demonstrate that it is an intended beneficiary of the contract, rather than merely an incidental one. JP Morgan , 671 F.3d at 1033. This is “a comparatively difficult task”: a party that benefits from a government contract is presumed to be an incidental beneficiary, and that presumption may not be overcome without showing “a clear intent to the contrary.” Cty. of Santa Clara v. Astra USA, Inc. , 588 F.3d 1237, 1244 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks and emphasis omitted), rev'd on other grounds by Astra USA, Inc. v. Santa Clara Cty. , 563 U.S. 110, 131 S.Ct. 1342, 179 L.Ed.2d 457 (2011). The clear-intent hurdle is a high bar: “even a showing that the contract operates to the third parties' benefit and was entered into with them in mind” may not suffice. Id. (quotation marks and alteration omitted). Instead, a putative third-party beneficiary must demonstrate an intent on the part of the contracting parties to “grant [it] enforceable rights .” Orff v. United States , 358 F.3d 1137, 1147 (9th Cir. 2004) (emphasis added).

Applying these principles here, it is clear that Caltex has not sufficiently alleged that it is an intended third-party beneficiary of the contracts between Lockheed and the federal government. Caltex alleges that (a) Lockheed is required to use “Mil-Spec” materials, including MIL-PRF-81705E packaging; (b) Caltex is the only manufacturer approved by the Navy to supply such packaging; (c) its roll stock and bags made from MIL-PRF-...