Carlson v. Construction Co.

• Decision Date: 04 February 2009
• Docket Number: No. 24802.,No. 24787.,24787.,24802.
• Citation: 2009 SD 6,761 N.W.2d 595
• Parties: Caryn CARLSON, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. The CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, Defendant and Appellee.
• Court: South Dakota Supreme Court

761 N.W.2d 595

2009 SD 6

Caryn CARLSON, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. The CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, Defendant and Appellee.

No. 24787.

No. 24802.

Supreme Court of South Dakota.

Considered on Briefs January 12, 2009.

Decided February 4, 2009.

Aaron D. Eiesland of Johnson Eiesland Law Offices, PC, Rapid City, South Dakota, Attorneys for plaintiff and appellant.

Donald A. Porter, Stephen C. Hoffman of Costello, Porter, Hill, Heisterkamp, Bushnell & Carpenter, LLP, Rapid City, South Dakota, Attorneys for defendant and appellee.

KONENKAMP, Justice.

[¶ 1.] In this premises liability action, a contractor employee working at a construction site was injured when a piece of sheetrock fell on her foot. The employee brought suit alleging that the sheetrock was negligently stored causing her injury. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the general contractor and the employee appeals. We affirm.

Background

[¶ 2.] Caryn Carlson and her husband operate Superior Insulation, a business in Rapid City, South Dakota. On April 17, 2003, Carlson was working at a home being constructed by The Construction Company (the Company), a general contractor. Standing in the master bedroom were twelve sheets of sheetrock stacked on their long edge against an interior wall stud. While preparing the room for spray insulation, Carlson placed an empty roll of tape on top of the stacked sheetrock. She later testified that after she turned and grabbed the empty roll, a 110-pound sheet of sheetrock fell on her foot causing serious injury.

[¶ 3.] Carlson brought suit against the Company alleging that it negligently stacked and stored the sheetrock, causing it to fall and injure her. She claimed that the Company knew the sheetrock was not placed in a safe position and failed to remove the hazard. She contended that the Company knew the sheetrock was stored dangerously because days before her injury, other sheetrock leaning against a different wall fell and injured an electrical contractor. Carlson further asserted that, based on the instructions accompanying the sheetrock that the sheets should never be stacked on edge or end, and also based on certain industry standards, the Company's placement of the sheetrock on edge was hazardous.

[¶ 4.] The Company, on the other hand, contended that stacking sheetrock to lean against a wall was not negligent. Rather, the Company argued that it is the local custom in Rapid City for construction companies to store sheetrock on edge, leaning against a wall. The Company averred that the sheetrock that fell on Carlson was stacked neither too vertically nor too far away from the wall, and therefore, was safely stored. Moreover, the Company insisted that Carlson's actions caused the sheetrock to fall. One witness testified that when taking Carlson from the house after she was injured, Carlson said that the sheetrock fell after she had pulled it back when looking for an outlet to tape.

[¶ 5.] In the jury trial, Carlson presented safety standards from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the sheetrock manufacturer, both warning that sheetrock should be stored flat. The OSHA standards require that materials on a worksite be stored so that normal forces do not cause them to fall. And, the manufacturer warned that sheetrock "shall always be stacked flat—NEVER on edge or end." In response, the Company alleged that sheetrock stored on edge can be stored safely. Through testimony by various witnesses, the Company maintained that it is customary in Rapid City to store sheetrock on edge so that it is more manageable for the sheetrocker to use and because laying sheetrock flat creates a hazard for those working around it.

[¶ 6.] The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Company. Carlson appeals asserting that the trial court erred when it (1) failed to direct a verdict against the Company on the issue of negligence, and (2) declined to give her requested instruction on the issue of industry custom. The Company presents several issues on notice of review, but because we affirm we need not reach them.¹

Analysis and Decision

[¶ 7.] Carlson asserts that the circuit court abused its discretion when it denied her motion for a directed verdict. According to Carlson, there is no dispute that the Company failed to safely store the sheetrock because OSHA standards and the manufacturer's instructions set the minimum standard: sheetrock is to be stored lying flat. Carlson also relies on the fact that the Company was aware that, before her injury, sheetrock at the same worksite fell and injured another contractor. The Company, on the other hand, argues that Carlson caused the sheetrock to fall, not through any negligence on the Company's part. The Company also insists that it is not negligence per se to store the sheetrock on edge and this sheetrock was stored in a safe manner.

[¶ 8.] We presume that the circuit court's ruling on a motion for a directed verdict is correct and only reverse when there is an abuse of discretion. Garland v. Rossknecht, 2001 SD 42, ¶ 16, 624 N.W.2d 700, 704 (citing United States and Hartzell Propeller, Inc. v. South Dakota, 1999 SD 94, ¶ 7, 598 N.W.2d 208, 211). We also view the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. "`If any legally sufficient basis exists to support a verdict for the nonmoving party, the motion must be denied.'" Id. (quoting Jurrens v. Lorenz Mfg. Co., 1998 SD 49, ¶ 5, 578 N.W.2d 151, 153 (citations omitted)).

[¶ 9.] Here, we detect no reason to fault the court's ruling. Whether the Company was negligent when it stored the sheetrock on edge was clearly in dispute. Carlson presented evidence that sheetrock stored flat would be safer. But the Company offered competing evidence that sheetrock can be stored on edge in a safe manner. The Company also presented testimony that the sheetrock fell after Carlson pulled it back looking for an outlet to tape. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Carlson's motion for a directed verdict on the issue of negligence.

[¶ 10.] Carlson next asserts that the trial court erred when it refused her requested instruction that the Company's compliance with local custom is not the reasonable person standard. She contends that by rejecting her requested instruction, the jury was left to believe that because the Company complied with local custom it could not be liable. Before trial, Carlson moved in limine to prevent any testimony, evidence, or reference to the fact that it is an accepted practice in Rapid City to stand sheetrock on edge. The court denied the motion and the Company's witnesses consistently testified that it is customary in Rapid City to store sheetrock on edge against a wall. Because of the attention drawn to the local custom, at the close of the case, Carlson requested a jury instruction stating, "Compliance with the local customary standards is not compliance with the reasonable person standard." Carlson's request was based on this Court's analysis in Zacher v. Budd Co., 396 N.W.2d 122, 133 (S.D.1986). The court denied the proposed instruction.

[¶ 11.] In Zacher, the trial court instructed the jury that if the defendants complied with industry standards they were not liable. Id. at 133-34. On appeal, we reversed because an industry standard is merely a factor to be considered, rather than conclusive evidence. We also remarked that it is proper to instruct the jury that compliance with certain regulations "could be considered as evidence of the exercise of reasonable care ... but was not conclusive on the issue of negligence." Id. at 134.

[¶ 12.] In this case, the circuit court did not instruct the jury in any regard on the issue of local customs or industry standards. The instruction submitted to the jury on the issue of negligence provided:

Negligence is the failure to use reasonable care. It is the doing of something which a reasonable person would not do, or the failure to do something which a reasonable person would do, under facts similar to those shown by the evidence. The law does not say how a reasonable person should act under facts similar to those shown by the evidence. That is for you to decide.

Carlson did not object to this instruction. Nonetheless, the court rejected Carlson's requested instruction because, according to the court, it would have done inversely (and erroneously) what was prohibited by this Court in Zacher.²

[¶ 13.] A court's failure to give a requested instruction that properly sets forth the law constitutes error. Kuper v. Lincoln-Union Elec. Co., 1996 SD 145, ¶ 32, 557 N.W.2d 748, 758 (citing Bauman v. Auch, 539 N.W.2d 320, 323 (S.D. 1995)). Although the facts of this case might support an instruction similar to the one suggested in Zacher, Carlson's requested instruction was not a correct statement of the law. It declared that compliance with local custom "is not compliance with the reasonable person standard." Such statement contradicts our law that the reasonable person standard, as indicated by the circuit court's instructions, is determined by the evidence and decided by the jury. Because Carlson's instruction was not a proper statement of the law, the court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected it. See Lord v. Hy-Vee Food Stores, 2006 SD 70, ¶ 17, 720 N.W.2d 443, 449.

[¶ 14.] Yet, because Carlson's proposed instruction raised an important issue, should the court have modified or edited the proposal to conform to the law and facts of the case? No case in South Dakota has discussed a judge's duty to modify or edit a party's substantively incorrect proposed jury instruction.³ Nor is there a rule imposing such an obligation. SDCL 15-6-51(a) places the duty of requesting jury instructions on the parties. Then, the trial court is to propose its instructions before final arguments. SDCL 15-6-51(b). The court must also give the parties an opportunity to object to the court's instructions and its actions on the parties'...