Carranza v. State

• Decision Date: 21 January 1998
• Docket Number: No. 810-96,810-96
• Citation: 960 S.W.2d 76
• Parties: David CARRANZA, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas.
• Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 76

960 S.W.2d 76

David CARRANZA, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas.

No. 810-96.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas En Banc.

Jan. 21, 1998.

Robert A. McGlohon, Jr., San Antonio, for appellant.

Edward F. Shaughnessy, III, Asst. Dist. Atty., San Antonio, Matthew Paul, State's Atty., Austin, for State.

Before the court en banc.

OPINION ON APPELLANT'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

McCORMICK, Presiding Judge, delivered the opinion of the Court in which KELLER, PRICE, HOLLAND and WOMACK, Judges, joined.

A jury convicted appellant of murder and sentenced him to ten years' confinement. Appellant timely filed a motion for new trial premised on newly discovered evidence. See Tex.R.App.Proc. 31(a)(1). Appellant's motion for new trial contains a "Fiat" and a proposed "Order." See Appendix A (as reproduced from the transcript). The "Order" has a signature line for the trial court to indicate whether it is granting or denying the motion. This line is blank and contains no signature. The "Fiat" contains spaces for the trial court to set a hearing date on appellant's motion for new trial with another space for the trial court's signature. These spaces are also blank containing neither a hearing date nor the trial court's signature. There was no hearing on appellant's motion for new trial. And, appellant's motion for new trial was not "determined by written order signed by the" trial court so it was overruled by operation of law pursuant to Tex.R.App.Proc. 31(e)(3). There is nothing in the record to indicate the trial court actually knew appellant had filed a motion for new trial and desired a hearing on it.

On direct appeal to the Court of Appeals, appellant claimed the trial court erred in failing to conduct a hearing on his motion for new trial. The Court of Appeals held the trial court did not err in failing to conduct a hearing on appellant's motion for new trial because appellant did not "present" the motion to the trial court as required by Tex.R.App.Proc. 31(c)(1). Carranza v. State, No. 04-93-00619-CR, 1996 WL 81937 (Tex.App.--San Antonio, February 28, 1996) (unpublished). We granted appellant's petition for discretionary review to decide what it means to "present" a motion for new trial to the trial court under Rule 31(c)(1).

Rule 31(c)(1), in relevant part, requires an accused to "present" his motion for new trial to the trial court within specified time limits which the trial court has some discretion to extend. The language requiring "presentment" of a motion for new trial to the trial court appears first to have been enacted by the Legislature in a 1951 amendment to Article 755 of the 1925 Code of Criminal Procedure. ¹ This requirement of "presentment" was carried over in subsequent legislative enactments and Rule 31(c)(1). During this time, the term "presentment" was never legislatively defined, and the term is not defined in the rules of appellate procedure. We have found no federal or out-of-state analogs to Texas' requirement of "presentment" of a motion for new trial to the trial court.

This Court's case law has shed little light on what it means to "present" a motion for new trial to the trial court. See Reyes v. State, 849 S.W.2d 812, 815 (Tex.Cr.App.1993); Dugard v. State, 688 S.W.2d 524 (Tex.Cr.App.1985), overruled on other grounds, Williams v. State, 780 S.W.2d 802, 803 (Tex.Cr.App.1989). What is clear is that this Court consistently has held the filing of a motion for new trial alone is not sufficient to show "presentment." See Reyes, 849 S.W.2d at 815. And, over a sharp dissent by former Presiding Judge Onion, this Court in dicta in a case called Green v. State said a notation on a motion for new trial--"presented to the trial judge 10-15-85"--under circumstances not revealed by the record put the trial court on notice that the appellant desired a hearing so that he could be afforded the opportunity to present evidence in support of his motion for new trial. ² See Green v. State, 754 S.W.2d 687 (Tex.Cr.App.1988), and at 688-891 (Onion, P.J., dissenting).

Because the term "presentment" has not been clearly defined in either Rule 31(c)(1), its statutory predecessors or our case law, and also because the dicta in Green does not provide a useful or clear statement on what it means to "present" a motion for new trial to the trial court, we granted the petition for discretionary review in this case to provide some guidance to the bench and bar on the issue. Otherwise, we could have just refused the petition for discretionary review based on the dicta in Green as the motion for new trial in this case clearly does not comply with the notation on the motion for new trial in Green. ³

Because the term "present" as used in Rule 31(c)(1) is somewhat ambiguous, we resort to extra textual sources to define the term. See Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785-86 (Tex.Cr.App.1991); V.T.C.A., Government Code, Section 311.023. We commence our discussion with the purpose or "object sought to be obtained" in Rule 31(c)(1)'s requirement that a motion for new trial be "presented" to the trial court. See V.T.C.A., Government Code, Section 311.023(1) (in construing a statute, courts may consider the object sought to be obtained). It appears the "object sought to be obtained" by this requirement is to put the trial court on actual notice that a defendant desires the trial court to take some action on the motion for new trial such as a ruling or a hearing on it. See Dix and Dawson: 43 Texas Practice, Criminal Practice and Procedure, Section 41.32 at 9 (West 1995) (motion for new trial must be "presented or brought to the trial judge's attention in a timely way"). This is probably one reason why this Court has held the filing of a motion for new trial alone is not sufficient to show "presentment." See Reyes, 849 S.W.2d at 815; see also Gray v. State, 928 S.W.2d 561, 563 (Tex.Cr.App.1996) (Keller, J., dissenting) (merely filing a post-trial motion may be insufficient to put trial court on notice of the need to take action).

This interpretation of Rule 31(c)(1) is consistent with Tex.R.App.Proc. 52(a)' § general requirement that a defendant must, among other things, timely call the trial court's attention to a "request, objection or motion" in order to preserve a complaint for appellate review. See V.T.C.A., Government Code, Section 311.023(4) (in construing a statute, courts may consider laws on the same or similar subjects). Both of these rules express a general policy that a trial court should not be reversed on appeal on a matter that was never brought to the trial court's attention. And, we want to avoid a construction of Rule 31(c)(1) that accomplishes this result. See V.T.C.A., Government Code, Section 311.023(5) (in construing a statute, courts may consider consequences of a particular construction).

Tex.R.App.Proc. 31(e)(3) also provides that a motion for new trial "not timely determined by written order signed by the judge shall be considered overruled by operation of law." Rule 31(e)(3) also contemplates that a defendant's motion for new trial somehow be brought to the trial court's attention for a ruling or be overruled by operation of law. Compare Martinez v. State, 846 S.W.2d 345, 346 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1992, pet. ref'd) (defendant timely "presented" his motion for new trial to the trial court as evidenced by trial court's consideration of the motion and by its order overruling it), ⁴ with, Enard v. State, 764 S.W.2d 574, 575 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (defendant did not timely "present" his motion for new trial to the trial court because there was nothing in the record to indicate the trial court was on notice that defendant desired a hearing to present evidence in support of his motion for new trial and his motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law).

We next consider Article 12.06, V.A.C.C.P., and Article 20.21, V.A.C.C.P. See Tex.Gov't Cd., Section 311.023(4) (in construing a statute, courts may consider laws on the same or similar subjects). Article 12.06 provides that an indictment is considered "presented" when it has been acted upon by the grand jury and "received by the court." Article 20.21 provides that when an indictment is ready to be "presented," the grand jury foreman shall "deliver the indictment to the judge or clerk of the court." ⁵ These provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure contemplate that "presenting" an indictment means actually delivering the indictment to the trial court.

Finally, we consider cases on the civil side. See V.T.C.A., Government Code, Section 311.023(4). Civil cases addressing the "presentation" of claims also contemplate that these claims actually be brought to the opposing party's attention. See, e.g., Jones v. Kelley, 614 S.W.2d 95, 100 (Tex.1981) (purpose of the requirement for presentation of a claim is to allow the person against whom it is asserted an opportunity to pay a claim within 30 days after they have notice of the claim without incurring an obligation for attorney's fees).

Based on the foregoing, we hold the term "present" as used in Rule 31(c)(1) means the record must show the movant for a new trial sustained the burden of actually delivering the motion for new trial to the trial court or otherwise bringing the motion to the attention or actual notice of the trial court. This may be accomplished in several ways such as, for example, obtaining the trial court's ruling on a motion for new trial. See Rule 31(e)(3); Martinez, 846 S.W.2d at 346.

Judge Overstreet has filed an opinion holding:

"In order to 'present' a motion for new trial, the movant must give the trial court actual notice that it has timely filed a motion for new trial and request a hearing on the motion within ten days of filing it. The presentment must be directed to the trial court or another authorized to act on behalf of the trial court. The presentment must result in actual notice to the trial court and may be evidenced...