Carter v. Com.

• Citation: 25 Va.App. 721,492 S.E.2d 480
• Decision Date: 04 November 1997
• Docket Number: No. 2169-96-2,2169-96-2
• Court: Court of Appeals of Virginia
• Parties: Diane C. CARTER v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Record

Page 480

492 S.E.2d 480

25 Va.App. 721

Diane C. CARTER v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 2169-96-2.

Court of Appeals of Virginia Richmond.

Nov. 4, 1997.

Matthew T. Paulk, Assistant Public Defender (David J. Johnson, Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.

Thomas D. Bagwell, Senior Assistant Attorney General (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Present: ELDER, FITZPATRICK and ANNUNZIATA, JJ.

ANNUNZIATA, Judge.

Following a bench trial, Diane C. Carter was convicted of cable television fraud in violation of Code § 18.2-187.1. On appeal, she contends that 47 U.S.C. § 553 preempts Virginia Code § 18.2-187.1 and, alternatively, that the evidence was insufficient to support her conviction. We affirm.

Appellant had resided at 2320 Ambrose Street since July 1990. Continental Cablevision last provided authorized cable television service at that address in May 1990. In February 1996, Timothy Stotler, a Continental representative, investigated the possible unlawful receipt of cable service at appellant's residence. During the course of his investigation, Stotler discovered that the cable line serving appellant's residential complex had been impermissibly spliced to direct service into appellant's residence. Appellant admitted to Stotler that she had been receiving cable service since July 1990 and that she had not paid for service. She told Stotler that an unknown "cable person" installed service at her residence in 1990 and that this person had provided the cable converter box she used to receive service. Stotler's records indicated, however, that Continental had issued the converter box to another individual, a Continental customer at another address, who was last authorized to use the box in March 1994 and who had not returned it to Continental. Stotler testified that the value of service provided to appellant's address exceeded $200. The trial court found:

what I have is a disconnect at [appellant's residence]. And I have testimony from the person who is a custodian of [Continental's] records. I have ongoing receipt of cable television service every month, presumably, from the evidence. I think it's easy enough for me to determine from the evidence that this hookup has been there for some time [and that the value of the service exceeded $200].

I.

Appellant first contends that Code § 18.2-187.1 is preempted by 47 U.S.C. § 533 and, thus, that her prosecution and conviction under § 18.2-187.1 is barred.

The Supremacy Clause of Art. VI of the Constitution provides Congress with the power to pre-empt state law. Pre-emption occurs when Congress, in enacting a federal statute, expresses a clear intent to pre-empt state law, Jones v. Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519 [97 S.Ct. 1305, 51 L.Ed.2d 604] (1977), when there is outright or actual conflict between federal and state law, e.g., Free v. Bland, 369 U.S. 663 [82 S.Ct. 1089, 8 L.Ed.2d 180] (1962), where compliance with both federal and state law is in effect physically impossible, Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132 [83 S.Ct. 1210, 10 L.Ed.2d 248] (1963), where there is implicit in federal law a barrier to state regulation, Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85 [103 S.Ct. 2890, 77 L.Ed.2d 490] (1983), where Congress has legislated comprehensively, thus occupying an entire field of regulation and leaving no room for the States to supplement federal law, Rice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 U.S. 218 [67 S.Ct. 1146, 91 L.Ed. 1447] (1947), or where the state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full objectives of Congress. Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52 [61 S.Ct. 399, 85 L.Ed. 581] (1941).

Louisiana Pub. Serv. Comm'n v. FCC, 476 U.S. 355, 368-69, 106 S.Ct. 1890, 1898, 90 L.Ed.2d 369 (1986); see also Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 497, 503-09, 76 S.Ct. 477, 480-84, 100 L.Ed. 640 (1956) (applying preemption to criminal statute).

Code § 18.2-187.1 provides in part:

It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly, with the intent to defraud, to obtain or attempt to obtain ... cable television service by the use of any false information, or in any case where such service has been disconnected by the supplier and notice of disconnection has been given.

If the value of service procured is $200 or more, the crime is punishable as a Class 6 felony, Code § 18.2-187.1, and, thus, carries a term of imprisonment of between one and five years or confinement in jail for not more than twelve months and a $2,500 fine. Code § 18.2-10(f). The United States Congress has also proscribed the unauthorized reception of cable television service. See 47 U.S.C. § 553. The relevant federal crime, however, is punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both. 47 U.S.C. § 553(b)(1). 47 U.S.C. § 553(c)(3)(D) provides in part, "Nothing in this subchapter shall prevent any State ... from enacting or enforcing laws, consistent with this section, regarding the unauthorized interception or reception of any cable service."

Appellant contends that 47 U.S.C. § 553 expressly preempts Code § 18.2-187.1 because the two statutes are not consistent as to the level of punishment each respectively carries. Appellant cites no authority, and we have found none, to support such a contention.

Moreover, to the extent that the intention of Congress to preempt Code § 18.2-187.1 must be implied from 47 U.S.C. § 553, appellant's argument fails. There is no conflict between the substance of the activity proscribed by the federal and state law, only its penalty. As such, compliance with both federal and state law is not impossible, and Code § 18.2-187.1 stands not as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full objectives of Congress, but as a supplement. The federal law does not implicitly contain a barrier to state regulation, and Congress has not legislated comprehensively, thus occupying an entire field of regulation and leaving no room for the...