Casey v. Koos, 65548

• Decision Date: 25 August 1982
• Docket Number: No. 65548,65548
• Citation: 323 N.W.2d 193
• Parties: Connie CASEY, Appellant, v. Larry KOOS, Appellee.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

Page 193

323 N.W.2d 193

Connie CASEY, Appellant, v. Larry KOOS, Appellee.

No. 65548.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

Aug. 25, 1982.

M. Gene Blackburn and Mark S. Brownlee of Murray, Blackburn & Stockdale, P. C., Fort Dodge, for appellant.

Arthur H. Johnson and James L. Kramer of Johnson, Erb, Latham & Gibb, P. C., Fort Dodge, for appellee.

LeGRAND, Justice.

This case involves a late night collision between two snowmobiles on North Twin Lake in Calhoun County, Iowa, resulting in serious injuries to plaintiff. Her claim for personal injuries resulted in a jury verdict for defendant. Both parties appealed. We reverse and remand for a new trial on plaintiff's appeal. We affirm on defendant's cross-appeal.

We first set out a brief review of the facts. About midnight on January 31, 1975, plaintiff was operating her snowmobile in a northeasterly direction across the frozen surface of North Twin Lake when she collided with a second snowmobile being operated by defendant Larry Koos. Both snowmobiles had just departed from the dock of a lakeside restaurant. The vehicles had their lights on, and each was traveling at least thirty miles an hour. Both plaintiff and defendant, as well as Ronald Blume, a passenger on defendant's snowmobile, suffered serious injuries.

Plaintiff asserts two errors. First, she complains that the trial court's instruction on contributory negligence misstated the law on a material matter. Next, she insists the trial court erred in refusing to apply the doctrine of issue preclusion to establish defendant's negligence as a matter of law. We hold there is merit to plaintiff's first assigned error, and we reverse on that ground. For reasons hereafter stated we defer ruling on issue preclusion.

I. The Instruction on Contributory Negligence.

Over timely objection by plaintiff, the trial court gave an instruction on contributory negligence which included the following:

Defendant Koos asserts that the plaintiff was negligent in one or more of the following particulars:

1. ...

2. ...

3. In failing to yield the right of way to the snowmobile approaching from the right.

....

Where two snowmobiles are approaching each other on streets or roads which intersect at or nearly at right angles, the vehicle approaching the other from the right shall have the right of way. In the instant case, no such designated paths or avenues of travel existed, so as to set forth predesignated courses of travel for the snowmobiles here in question. The above rule of law is applicable to snowmobiles traveling in a "free travel area", such as a lake here involved, but only if the jury first finds factually that the vehicles were approaching each other at or nearly at a right angle, so as to bring this rule of law into play. If the jury finds that their paths, immediately before the collision, were not traversing at or nearly at a right angle to each other, then there is not duty to yield by the vehicle approaching from the left. Conversely, if the vehicles are approaching each other at or nearly at a right angle, then the rule applies and the vehicle approaching from the right has the right of way.

This means that where snowmobiles are approaching each other at such speed and so nearly the same time that if both proceed without regard to the other, collision is reasonably to be expected, the driver of the snowmobile approaching from the left is required to yield to the snowmobile approaching from the right.

Failure by an operator of a snowmobile to comply with this provision would constitute negligence.

(Emphasis added).

Plaintiff says that this instruction erroneously establishes a rule of negligence per se, a doctrine limited to cases in which there is a violation of statute or ordinance creating a particular standard of care. Jorgensen v. Horton, 206 N.W.2d 100, 102 (Iowa 1973); Kisling v. Thierman, 214 Iowa 911, 915, 243 N.W. 552, 554 (1932). We agree.

As applicable here, section 321G.13, The Code 1973, fixes the statutory standard for the operation of snowmobiles. It provides in pertinent part:

It shall be unlawful for any person to drive or operate any snowmobile:

1. At a rate of speed greater than reasonable or proper under all existing circumstances.

2. In a careless, reckless, or negligent manner so as to endanger the person or property of another or to cause injury or damage thereto.

3. While under the influence of intoxicating liquor or narcotics or habit-forming drugs.

4. Without a lighted headlight and taillight when required for safety.

We point out there is no right-of-way provision in this statute. Nevertheless the trial court instructed as though there were one. We hold this was error on two grounds. First, the court erred in judicially establishing an intersection, after first recognizing there was no intersection on the frozen lake where this accident occurred. Secondly, the trial court erred in making a violation of the rule thus fashioned negligence per se, just as though it were a violation of section 321.319, The Code.

Defendant cites Hinegardner v. Dickey's Potato Chip Company, Inc., 205 So.2d 157 (La.App.1967) rev. denied, 251 La. 746, 206 So.2d 94 (1968), and Kern v. Autman, 4 Storey 402, 177 A.2d 525 (Del.Super.Ct.1961), as support for the instruction, but these cases are distinguishable. They both involved motor vehicle accidents which occurred in private parking lots with marked traffic lanes. Furthermore in each case the court used statutory rules of the road merely as a guide to help the jury decide the question of negligence. Neither case characterized the offending conduct as negligence per se. Hinegardner, 205 So.2d at 162, Kern, 177 A.2d at 527.

The trial court should have instructed on the grounds of negligence alleged in the petition and supported by the evidence, permitting the jury to decide if plaintiff's conduct was in fact negligent.

II. Issue Preclusion.

Plaintiff asserts the trial court erred in refusing to apply the doctrine of offensive issue preclusion as recently announced in Hunter v. City of Des Moines, 300 N.W.2d 121 (Iowa 1981), where we distinguished between defensive use of issue preclusion and offensive use as follows:

The phrase "defensive use" of the doctrine of collateral estoppel is used here to mean that a stranger to the judgment, ordinarily the defendant in the second action, relies upon a former judgment as conclusively establishing in his favor an issue which he must prove as an element of his defense.

On the other hand, the phrase "offensive use" or "affirmative use" of the doctrine is used to mean that a stranger to the judgment, ordinarily the plaintiff in the second action, relies upon a former judgment as conclusively establishing in his favor an issue which he must prove as an essential element of his cause of action or claim.

In other words, defensively a judgment is used as a "shield" and offensively as a "sword."

The instant case was initiated by plaintiff to recover for personal injuries. Defendant filed a counterclaim for his own personal injuries. Defendant's passenger (Blume) had previously sued defendant and recovered $30,000 for the injuries he suffered in this accident. Plaintiff had originally been a party to that action but was dismissed out before trial. Thus plaintiff is a "stranger" to the judgment obtained by Blume.

By motion for adjudication of law points filed under Iowa R.C.P. 105, plaintiff sought to use the Blume judgment as the basis for issue preclusion, both defensively to defeat defendant's counterclaim and offensively to establish defendant's negligence as a matter of law in proving up her case against him.

The trial court ruled in plaintiff's favor on the matter of defensive issue preclusion, resulting in a dismissal of defendant's counterclaim. However, the trial court declined to rule on the question of offensive issue preclusion because there was an appeal pending which involved rights between plaintiff and defendant concerning contribution in the payment of Blume's judgment. That appeal has now been disposed of by an unpublished opinion of the Iowa Court of Appeals, which, for procedural reasons, reversed the holding that defendant was entitled to contribution from plaintiff. Thus, the question of plaintiff's right to use the Blume judgment for offensive issue preclusion is now ready for determination. We think this should be decided by the trial court, not by us.

The application of the doctrine of offensive issue preclusion, a term used in Hunter interchangeably with collateral estoppel, is a matter left largely to the trial court's discretion. Hunter, 300 N.W.2d at 124. Ordinarily the trial court should first decide the question. On appeal we reverse only for abuse of discretion. We therefore express no opinion concerning offensive issue preclusion except to say that on remand plaintiff may renew her request that it be applied here. The trial court should...