Catches v. U.S.

• Decision Date: 23 August 1978
• Docket Number: No. 78-1174,78-1174
• Citation: 582 F.2d 453
• Parties: Dale Francis CATCHES, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 453

582 F.2d 453

Dale Francis CATCHES, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 78-1174.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted June 12, 1978.

Decided Aug. 23, 1978.

Marvin D. Truhe (on brief), Lynn, Jackson, Shultz, Ireland & Lebrun, Rapid City, S. D., argued, for appellant.

Jeffrey L. Viken, Asst. U. S. Atty., Sioux Falls, S. D. (argued), David V. Vrooman, U. S. Atty., and Ted L. McBride, Legal Intern, Sioux Falls, S. D., on brief, for appellee.

Before BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, INGRAHAM, Senior Circuit Judge, ^* and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judge.

INGRAHAM, Circuit Judge.

This case for post-conviction relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (1970) arose out of the shooting death of an American Indian by an American Indian on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation near Wanblee, South Dakota. Appellant Dale Francis Catches was convicted by a jury of second degree murder, 18 U.S.C. § 1111 (1970), for the killing of Byron DeSersa, in accordance with the Indian Crimes Act of 1976, 18 U.S.C. § 1153 (1976). ¹ The district court, finding that appellant was subject to the Young Adult Offender Act, 18 U.S.C. § 4216 (1976), ² sentenced him under the Federal Youth Corrections Act, 18 U.S.C. § 5010(b) (1976), ³ to the custody of the Attorney General. Although appellant's court-appointed trial counsel advised him of grounds for a direct appeal, appellant did not seek appellate relief. More than six months after his trial and conviction, however, appellant pro se filed a motion to vacate the sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (1970). After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied the motion for post-conviction relief. We hold that the district court findings are not clearly erroneous and affirm the denial of post-conviction relief.

Mr. Edward Carpenter was appointed by the district court as appellant's trial counsel. Mr. Carpenter had been in private practice for three years. Prior to that time, he had been employed as Assistant United States Attorney for three years and as law clerk to a United States District Judge for two years.

Appellant entered a plea of not guilty and took the stand in his own defense. In the prosecutor's closing argument, an oblique reference was made to appellant's silence at trial up to the moment appellant took the stand. Mr. Carpenter objected to the remark and the court implicitly instructed the jury to disregard the comment. The following exchange occurred:

MR. BOYD: . . . Mr. Carpenter attacks the credibility of the Government witnesses, and you saw most of the people that were involved in this, in both cars, and the circumstances surrounding how those cars came together, and the Government took what it had, and those people came forward. Yesterday was the first time that Dale Janis (appellant) Came forward and he decided at that time and said, "Look, they had gotten in the car

MR. CARPENTER: I object to that argument. I wish to make a record later.

THE COURT: Pardon?

MR. CARPENTER: I would like to make a record later, if I may.

THE COURT: You may.

MR. BOYD: Came forth at that time and decided to tell us

THE COURT: Are you referring, counsel, that he had an opportunity to come forward sooner than in court?

MR. BOYD: No, sir.

THE COURT: Just so the jury understands.

MR. BOYD: No, sir.

THE COURT: This was his opportunity to testify. He did testify when called upon to testify before this Court. You may proceed.

Record, Vol. VI, at 23-24 (emphasis added).

Over Mr. Carpenter's objection the court gave the following instruction to the jury on lesser included offenses:

The law permits the jury to find the defendant guilty of any lesser offense which is necessarily included in the crime charged in the indictment, whenever such a course is consistent with the facts found by the jury from the evidence in the case, and with the law as given in the instructions of the Court.

So, if the jury should unanimously find the defendant, "not guilty" of the crime charged in the indictment, then the jury must proceed to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant as to any lesser offense which is necessarily included in the crime charged.

The crime of murder in the second degree, which is charged in the indictment in this case, necessarily includes the lesser offense of (1) voluntary manslaughter, (2) involuntary manslaughter, (3) assault with a dangerous weapon and (4) simple assault.

After appellant's conviction on May 16, 1977, Mr. Carpenter filed a motion for judgment of acquittal or, in the alternative, a motion for a new trial based on the prosecutor's remark and the jury instruction. Both motions were denied.

After sentence was announced, Mr. Carpenter met with appellant at his law office for two hours to discuss the possibility of an appeal. ⁴ Mr. Carpenter instructed appellant to telephone him within ten days if he wished to appeal. Appellant did not telephone Mr. Carpenter, and, consequently, no appeal was filed.

On December 13, 1977, appellant pro se filed a motion to vacate the sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (1977), urging three grounds for relief. First, appellant alleged that he had not made an informed decision to waive his right to appeal because Mr. Carpenter had given him misleading or erroneous advice. Although appellant was imprisoned at an adult institution in Oxford, Wisconsin, he claimed that Mr. Carpenter had told him that he would serve his time at a juvenile facility at Englewood, Colorado. Although appellant had served more than six months, he claimed that Mr. Carpenter had told him that he would be released within six months. Although as a matter of law, he could not receive a harsher sentence upon reconviction absent misconduct between trials, appellant claimed that Mr. Carpenter had told him that he would receive a harsher sentence if retried and reconvicted. Second, appellant alleged that a remark in the prosecutor's closing argument violated his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. Third, appellant alleged that the jury instruction requiring a unanimous jury verdict of not guilty of the greater offense before lesser included offenses could be considered violated his Fifth Amendment right to due process.

Counsel was appointed by the district court to represent appellant in the proceedings for post-conviction relief.

An evidentiary hearing was held by the district court on January 16, 1978. ⁵ Both Mr. Carpenter and appellant testified, each giving a different version of their conversations.

In a Memorandum Opinion dated January 30, 1978, the district court set forth findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court concluded that appellant had made an informed decision not to appeal, and that Mr. Carpenter did not deprive appellant of his right to appeal by giving misleading or erroneous advice. In support of these conclusions, the court made the following findings of fact. (1) Mr. Carpenter told appellant that there were meritorious grounds for appeal. (2) Mr. Carpenter told appellant of his readiness to prosecute an appeal and of appellant's right to new counsel if he so desired. (3) Mr. Carpenter told appellant that the decision of whether to appeal rested with him and that if appellant desired to appeal, he should place a collect telephone call to Mr. Carpenter's office within ten days. (4) Mr. Carpenter and United States Probation Officer Sylvan Hauff discussed with appellant the possible places and duration of confinement but no promises were made. (5) Appellant expressed a desire not to be sentenced to the Englewood, Colorado, juvenile facility for fear that members of the American Indian Movement confined there would endanger him. (6) Mr. Carpenter told appellant that he was uncertain whether the Young Adult Offender Act would apply in the event of a reconviction, since appellant would be older than the age group to which the Act applies by the time of a new trial. (7) Mr. Carpenter told appellant, notwithstanding the uncertainty surrounding application of the Young Adult Offender Act upon a reconviction, that a more severe sentence than the original sentence could not be imposed absent misconduct by appellant between trials.

In a subsequent order, the court stated that the alleged errors in the prosecutor's remark and jury instruction were not cognizable grounds for post-conviction relief. ⁶

This appeal of the district court's denial of appellant's motion to vacate sentence is proper, under Fed.R.App.P. 4(b) and 28 U.S.C. §§ 2253, 2255 (1970).

Appellant's first argument for post-conviction relief is that he did not intelligently waive his right to appeal, because of Mr. Carpenter's ineffective assistance. The standard for effective assistance of counsel "is now established as that degree of performance which conforms to the care and skill of a reasonably competent lawyer rendering similar services under the existing circumstances." Reynolds v. Mabry, 574 F.2d 978, 979 (8th Cir. 1978). The exercise of reasonable professional judgment, "even when hindsight reveals a mistake in that judgment, does not render a lawyer . . . lacking in competence in rendering his services." Id. There is a presumption that counsel has rendered effective assistance. Thomas v. Wyrick, 535 F.2d 407, 413 (8th Cir.), Cert. denied, 429 U.S. 868, 97 S.Ct. 178, 50 L.Ed.2d 148 (1976). To overcome the presumption, appellant "must shoulder a heavy burden." McQueen v. Swenson, 498 F.2d 207, 214 (8th Cir. 1974).

Appellant does not complain of Mr. Carpenter's performance at trial but of his advice immediately afterwards. ⁷ The issue is whether Mr. Carpenter's advice on place and length of confinement and applicability of the Young Adult Offender Act in a new trial were so misleading or incorrect as to violate appellant's right to effective assistance of counsel at the critical period within which an appeal must be perfected. The district court's findings that no promises were made to appellant regarding place or length of...