Cetenko v. United California Bank

• Decision Date: 18 January 1982
• Docket Number: S.F. 24275
• Citation: 179 Cal.Rptr. 902,30 Cal.3d 528,638 P.2d 1299
• Court: California Supreme Court
• Parties: , 638 P.2d 1299, 34 A.L.R.4th 657 Roman CETENKO, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. UNITED CALIFORNIA BANK et al., Defendants and Respondents; Arlene Schaefer, Claimant and Appellant.

Page 902

179 Cal.Rptr. 902

30 Cal.3d 528, 638 P.2d 1299, 34 A.L.R.4th 657

Roman CETENKO, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. UNITED CALIFORNIA BANK et al., Defendants and Respondents Arlene Schaefer, Claimant and Appellant.

S.F. 24275.

Supreme Court of California.

Jan. 18, 1982.

Dennis F. Beltram, Capitola, and James P. Carroll, Sacramento, for claimant and appellant.

Francis Schwartz, Los Angeles, and C. M. Gilman, Culver City, for plaintiff and respondent.

No appearance for defendants and respondents.

MOSK, Justice.

The sole question for our determination in this case is whether a prior lien on a judgment in favor of an attorney for legal fees takes precedence over a subsequent judgment creditor's lien perfected in accordance with the provisions of section 688.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure. ¹ The trial court held that the attorney's lien prevails, and we agree with that determination.

In November 1976, Francis Schwartz, an attorney, and Dr. Roman W. Cetenko, his client, entered into a written agreement which provided that Schwartz would represent Cetenko in an action to establish ownership of a parcel of real property, and that Cetenko would pay Schwartz a stated hourly rate for his services, plus costs. The agreement provided further that most of the fee would be deferred and that fees owed by Cetenko would become a lien upon any recovery in the action. ²

Arlene Schaefer had loaned $8,000 to Cetenko in 1976, secured by a promissory note. Upon his failure to repay the loan, she filed suit and, in March 1977, recovered a judgment in that sum against him. In July 1979, upon stipulation of Cetenko, she was granted a lien by the trial court pursuant to section 688.1, on the proceeds of any judgment which he would recover in the action filed by Schwartz on his behalf.

Cetenko recovered $31,848.28 in the action; the defendant deposited that sum in court, and in October 1979, Schwartz filed a motion seeking release of the entire proceeds to him as payment for services rendered in this and several other matters. In support of the motion, he submitted a copy of a statement to Cetenko for $47,683.73 for various legal services and costs, and a declaration that the judgment was the only source from which the fees could be satisfied because Cetenko had represented that he was unable to pay the fees. The trial court granted Schwartz's motion, but ordered that he deposit the amount Cetenko owed to Schaefer in a bank account, from which withdrawals could only be made with the joint consent of Schwartz and Schaefer's attorney. Schaefer appeals from that order.

Section 2881 of the Civil Code declares that a lien may be created by contract, and section 2883 provides that an agreement may provide for a lien to be created as security for property to be acquired in the future. Section 2897 of the Civil Codes states, "(o)ther things being equal, different liens upon the same property have priority according to the time of their creation." Our inquiry, therefore, is whether the contract between Schwartz and Cetenko resulted in creation of a valid lien on the proceeds of the judgment and, if so, whether that lien has priority over the lien of Schaefer, by virtue of section 2897.

A lien in favor of an attorney upon the proceeds of a prospective judgment in favor of his client for legal services rendered has been recognized in numerous cases. Such a lien may be created either by express contract, as in the present case (Haupt v. Charlie's Kosher Market (1941) 17 Cal.2d 843, 846, 112 P.2d 627; Tracy v. Ringole (1927) 87 Cal.App. 549, 551, 262 P. 73; see Isrin v. Superior Court (1965) 63 Cal.2d 153, 157, 45 Cal.Rptr. 320, 403 P.2d 728), or it may be implied if the retainer agreement between the lawyer and client indicates that the former is to look to the judgment for payment of his fee (Bartlett v. Pacific Nat. Bank (1952) 110 Cal.App.2d 683, 689, 244 P.2d 91; Wagner v. Sariotti (1943) 56 Cal.App.2d 693, 697-698, 133 P.2d 430).

Schaefer claims that Schwartz does not have a valid lien, despite the agreement that any judgment in Cetenko's favor would be subject to a lien for fees. Relying on the fact that the cases cited by Schwartz which have recognized an attorney's lien on a future judgment involve contracts for contingency fees, Schaefer claims that a lien on a judgment to secure the payment of hourly fees is invalid. She does not assert here that Schwartz's hourly charge was excessive or that he misrepresented the number of hours on which his fees were based, nor did she present such a challenge to the trial court. Rather, she argues that a contract for an hourly fee which is to constitute a lien on the judgment is unconscionable as a matter of law because the fee and the costs may consume the entire amount of the judgment recovered, whereas in the case of a contingency fee contract, only a portion of the judgment is paid to the attorney as his fee.

She cites no authority for this proposition. The fairness of the fee agreement and the lien to secure it must be viewed as of the time the arrangement was made. We discern nothing inherently unfair in an agreement to pay an attorney an hourly fee for his services. Indeed, in many instances it may be more advantageous to a client than a contract for a contingency fee. If the attorney succeeds in obtaining a judgment in the client's favor with a relatively modest expenditure of time, the client will retain a higher percentage of his recovery than would be the case with a contingency fee contract, which would require the payment of a percentage of the recovery regardless of the amount of the attorney's time expended. The fact that, as events turned out in the present case, the judgment was not as substantial as anticipated and proved to be insufficient to pay Schwartz's fees does not render the contract unconscionable at the time the agreement was made. Since the fee agreement was not invalid as unconscionable, it follows that the arrangement to secure payment of the fee by the imposition of a lien on the judgment cannot be challenged on that ground. ³

A further reason advanced by Schaefer for invalidity of the lien is that it "smacks of a 'secret lien' " (see Smitton v. McCullough (1920) 182 Cal. 530, 189 P. 686), which is disfavored. ⁴ We know of no authority, case law or statute, which compels an attorney to give notice to a client's creditors of a contractual lien on the judgment. In other jurisdictions where the matter has been considered, it has been held that the filing of a notice of lien by the attorney is not necessary to protect his security interest against a creditor who levies on the judgment (Barnes v. Verry (1923) 154 Minn. 252, 191 N.W. 589, 590) or an assignee of the judgment (Bent v. Lipscomb (1898) 45 W.Va. 183, 31 S.E. 907, 908). Moreover, Schaefer had actual notice of the lien because, in December 1978, several months before she was granted a lien pursuant to section 688.1, Schwartz, in an excess of caution, filed a "Notice of Attorneys Lien" in the action. ⁵

Another assertion of Schaefer is that the only manner in which a lien on a judgment may be created is by compliance with section 688.1, and that since Schwartz did not comply with the section, he cannot have recourse to Cetenko's recovery. This contention is patently without merit. The section by its terms relates only to liens of judgment creditors. It does not purport to limit liens on a judgment to such creditors to the exclusion of those who have a contractual claim, ⁶ and the purpose of the section is unrelated to liens created by contract. ⁷ Moreover, section 2881, subdivision 1, of the Civil Code expressly provides for the creation of a lien by contract, and neither logic nor authority justifies the conclusion that such liens do not apply to judgments. The ultimate result of acceptance of Schaefer's contention would be to invalidate not only hourly fee arrangements but also contingency fee contracts which call for a lien on the judgment for legal services.

Nor is there merit in Schaefer's assertion that, even assuming Schwartz was not required to comply with section 688.1 in order to resort to the proceeds of the judgment, nevertheless he cannot prevail because a lien acquired pursuant to a statute has priority over a contractual lien. It was long ago recognized in this state that in the circumstances of a lien created by contract and another created by statute, the text of the statute controls. (First Nat. Bank v. Silva (1927) 200 Cal. 494, 495-496, 254 P. 262.) Section 688.1 contains no language relating to the priority of liens obtained in compliance with its terms. ⁸ Thus, we are relegated to the rule of priority set forth in section 2897 of the Civil Code, and since Schwartz's lien was created at the time he entered into the contract with Cetenko, several years before Schaefer was granted a lien under section 688.1, the prior lien prevails.

Haupt v. Charlie's Kosher Market, supra, 17 Cal.2d 843, 112 P.2d 627, is directly in point. That case involved the question of priority between an attorney's contractual lien for fees against a judgment, and the lien of a creditor by attachment. An attorney entered into a contingent fee contract with his client, providing for a fee of one-third of any funds recovered in the action, and a lien in that amount upon the judgment. This court held that the attorney's lien was created at the time of the contract, and had priority over attachments levied on the verdict and judgment by a creditor of the client. The reason for affording the attorney's lien priority was that it was first in time, and "an attachment lien reaches only the interest of the debtor in the attached property and is therefore subject to prior equities against the debtor." (17 Cal.2d at p. 846, 112 P.2d 627.) This holding is consistent with the few cases from other jurisdictions which have considered the question. (Hanna Paint Mfg. Co. v. Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin &...