Chakonas v. City of Chicago, 93-3974

• Decision Date: 22 December 1994
• Docket Number: No. 93-3974,93-3974
• Citation: 42 F.3d 1132
• Parties: 66 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1164, 65 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 43,406 Nestor CHAKONAS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF CHICAGO, City of Chicago Police Department, Leroy Martin, in his official capacity, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 1132

42 F.3d 1132

66 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1164,

65 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 43,406

Nestor CHAKONAS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF CHICAGO, City of Chicago Police Department, Leroy Martin, in his official capacity, et al Defendants-Appellees.

No. 93-3974.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued Oct. 25, 1994.

Decided Dec. 22, 1994.

Dale D. Pierson, Brian C. Hlavin (argued), and Thomas J. Pleines, Baum, Sigman, Auerbach, Pierson & Neuman, Chicago, IL, for plaintiff-appellant.

Lawrence Rosenthal, Deputy County Counsel, Mardell Nereim, Benna R. Solomon, Stuart D. Fullerton (argued), and Susan S. Sher, Office of the Corp. Counsel, Appeals Div., Chicago, IL, for defendants-appellees.

Before CUDAHY, ESCHBACH and EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judges.

CUDAHY, Circuit Judge.

Nestor Chakonas, a former district commander of the Chicago Police Department, sued the City of Chicago, the City of Chicago Police Department and various city officials for the termination of his employment in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 21 U.S.C. Sec. 621 et seq. The district court dismissed his complaint for failure to file within the statutory period. In doing so, the district court rejected Chakonas's pleas of equitable estoppel and equitable tolling. Chakonas now appeals. Because we agree with the district court, we affirm the dismissal of his complaint.

I.

Nestor Chakonas (Chakonas) is the former district commander of the Chicago Police Department. He worked in that capacity until August 29, 1991, when he retired at age sixty-three under the City's mandatory retirement policy. Nearly two years later, on August 20, 1993, Chakonas filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). He asserted that the City's mandatory retirement policy violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. Sec. 621 et seq.

The City's mandatory retirement policy has been in a state of flux for the past few years. From 1935 until 1983, the City required Chicago police officers in classified civil service positions to retire at age sixty-three. Chicago, Ill., Municipal Code ch. 25, Sec. 37 (1935). Chakonas, who held the exempt rank position of district commander, was not covered by this original policy. The City soon amended its original policy, however. In response to the Supreme Court's holding that municipal workers were covered by the ADEA, EEOC v. Wyoming, 460 U.S. 226, 103 S.Ct. 1054, 75 L.Ed.2d 18 (1983), the City changed the original policy to raise the mandatory retirement age from sixty-three to seventy. Chicago, Ill., Municipal Code ch. 25, Sec. 37 (1983). Although this second policy stayed in effect for a few years, the City soon changed it again. Congress amended the ADEA in 1986 to create an exception enabling municipalities to terminate police officers and firefighters in accordance with the local law that had been in effect on March 3, 1983 (the day after the Supreme Court's decision in Wyoming ). 29 U.S.C. Sec. 623(j) (1986). The City therefore changed its policy to reinstate the mandatory sixty-three-year retirement age. Chicago, Ill., Municipal Code ch. 25, Sec. 37 (1988). This new policy applied the mandatory retirement age to all officers, however (including Chakonas).

The new policy did not go unchallenged. Some firefighters who had not been in civil service positions in 1983 sued the City. They claimed that the 1988 changes violated the ADEA because they applied to a broader class of employees than had the original policy (given that the changes applied to previously excluded exempt rank employees). The firefighters prevailed. In Roche v. City of Chicago, 818 F.Supp. 233 (N.D.Ill.1993), aff'd, 24 F.3d 882 (7th Cir.1994), the district court held that the 1988 policy violated the ADEA because it expanded the scope of the mandatory retirement policy that existed in 1983.

Chakonas now seeks to benefit from Roche. Like the firefighters, he was an exempt rank employee in 1983. Again like the firefighters, the 1988 policy forced him into early retirement at the age of sixty-three. He therefore occupies a position similar to that of the Roche plaintiffs. Unlike the Roche plaintiffs, however, he did not file a complaint with the EEOC within 300 days of the alleged discriminatory practice.

On these facts, the district court held Chakonas's claim time-barred. In doing so, that court refused to invoke the doctrines of equitable tolling and equitable estoppel to modify the ADEA's statutory filing requirement. Chakonas appeals, suggesting that the district court's failure to look to equity was error. We affirm.

II.

We review the decision to dismiss Chakonas's claim de novo, accepting as true the complaint's well-pleaded factual allegations and drawing all reasonable inferences in Chakonas's favor. Gould v. Artisoft, Inc., 1 F.3d 544, 548 (7th Cir.1993). If a plaintiff has admitted facts showing that he is not entitled to recovery under the theory he advances, then dismissal of the complaint was proper. Early v. Bankers Life and Cas. Co., 959 F.2d 75, 79 (7th Cir.1992).

It is undisputed that Chakonas's claim was not filed within the required statutory period. ¹ The ADEA requires potential plaintiffs to file a complaint with the EEOC within 300 days of the alleged discriminatory practice. 29 U.S.C. Sec. 626(d)(2); see also Hamilton v. Komatsu Dresser Industries, Inc., 964 F.2d 600, 603 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 324, 121 L.Ed.2d 244 (1992). Yet Chakonas did not do so. Instead, he filed with the EEOC on August 20, 1993, nearly two years after the termination of his employment. Ordinarily, this failure to file would be sufficient to bar his suit. Aungst v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 937 F.2d 1216, 1225 (7th Cir.1991) (quoting Vaught v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 745 F.2d 407, 410 (7th Cir.1984)).

The statutory filing period is not, however, absolute. Instead, the 300-day limitation is subject to equitable modification. Hamilton, 964 F.2d at 605. Either equitable tolling or equitable estoppel can work to relax a statutory filing period. See generally Cada v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 920 F.2d 446, 450 (7th Cir.1990). Chakonas argues that both doctrines plausibly apply to his case.

The propriety of dismissal therefore turns on whether the district court properly concluded that the ADEA's statutory filing requirement was not subject to equitable modification. That court concluded that neither of the recognized equitable exceptions to the filing requirement applied to save Chakonas's claim. The doctrine of equitable estoppel did not apply because the City took no steps to prevent Chakonas from timely filing. Similarly, the doctrine of equitable tolling had no application because a reasonable person in Chakonas's position would have known that he had been forced into retirement in possible violation of the ADEA.

Chakonas argues, however, that the district court erred. On appeal, he asserts that the court ought to have applied the doctrine of equitable tolling because the Roche decision constitutes information vital to the existence of his claim; because he was not aware that the City's policy was illegal until Roche was handed down, he claims that he should not be held accountable for his failure to file with the EEOC within the statutory period. Second, Chakonas asserts that he was entitled to benefit from the doctrine of equitable estoppel. Application of this doctrine is appropriate, claims Chakonas, because the City's anti-discrimination policies provided a false assurance that the City's actions were taken in accordance with the law. We do not find either of his arguments persuasive. ²

A. Equitable Tolling

The doctrine of equitable tolling should not be applied here because Chakonas should have been aware that he had a possible claim under the ADEA well before Roche was handed down. Equitable tolling is appropriate when the plaintiff, despite all due diligence, is unable to obtain vital information bearing on the existence of his claim. Cada, 920 F.2d at 451. To determine whether a plaintiff in fact lacked vital information, a court should ask whether a reasonable person in the plaintiff's position would have been aware that he had been fired in possible violation of the ADEA. Id. If a reasonable person would have been aware, but the plaintiff was not, resort to equitable tolling is inappropriate.

Cada teaches that reasonable people need only be aware of the possibility of an ADEA violation. There, we noted:

The qualification "possible" is important. If a plaintiff were entitled to have all the time he needed to be certain his rights had been violated, the statute of limitations would never run--for even after judgment, there is no certainty.

920 F.2d at 451. This factor controls in the instant case. By seeking to wait to file until Roche had been handed down, Chakonas sought certainty. The law does not, however, permit plaintiffs such a luxury. A plaintiff who is aware of his injury is not allowed to wait until the time that he becomes aware of its unlawful nature. See Teumer v. General Motors Corp., 34 F.3d 542, 550 (7th Cir.1994).

Chakonas knew that he had been forced to retire under the City's new policy because he reached age sixty-three. This is all...