Charolais Breeding Ranches, Ltd. v. FPC Securities Corp.

• Decision Date: 27 April 1979
• Docket Number: No. 78-097,78-097
• Citation: 279 N.W.2d 493,90 Wis.2d 97
• Parties: CHAROLAIS BREEDING RANCHES, LTD., Plaintiff-Respondent, v. FPC SECURITIES CORP., and A. W. Hemmings, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: Wisconsin Court of Appeals

Page 493

279 N.W.2d 493

90 Wis.2d 97

CHAROLAIS BREEDING RANCHES, LTD., Plaintiff-Respondent, v. FPC SECURITIES CORP., and A. W. Hemmings, Defendants-Appellants.

No. 78-097.

Court of Appeals of Wisconsin.

Submitted on Briefs Jan. 20, 1979.

Opinion Released April 27, 1979.

Opinion Filed April 27, 1979.

Aberg, Jorgensen & Purcell, Madison, on brief, for defendants-appellants.

Herbon & McLaughlin, Milwaukee, on brief, for plaintiff-respondent.

Before GARTZKE, P. J., and BABLITCH and DYKMAN, JJ.

GARTZKE, Presiding Judge.

Defendants FBC Securities Corp. (FPC) and A. W. Hemmings, the president of FPC, appeal from the order of the circuit court for Dane County which overruled defendants' demurrer to the complaint.

This action was commenced in 1974. The complaint, so far as material, alleges claims for tortious interference by defendants with contracts between plaintiff Charolais Breeding Ranches (CBR) and its investors, for return of commissions paid by CBR on the same contracts sold by FPC for CBR and for damages for fraudulent misrepresentation to investors.

The complaint alleges the following facts as to the first claim: CBR engaged FPC as its sales agent in 1973 to offer registered investment contract securities to prospective investors. The contracts were for the sale of herds of purebred female Charolais cattle. As part of the investment contract, each purchaser received a ten-year contract with CBR for the care, breeding, maintenance and feeding of the cattle and their progeny. The investment contracts sold for about $35,000 each. FPC made about thirty-five sales on behalf of CBR and received commissions of $109,888 based on 9% Of the full purchase price of each contract. The contracts were sold, however, on down payments of less than 30% Of the purchase price with the balance payable over a ten-year period including semi-annual interest payments.

Plaintiff was forced to refinance its operations due to financial problems. In July, 1974 CBR cleared an exempt offering to its investors for that purpose with the Wisconsin Commissioner of Securities, using the credit of its investors as collateral for bank loans. It is alleged that "such refinancing proposal was largely proposed by and negotiated with defendants." The complaint alleges that Hemmings, as FPC's president, advised CBR that neither he nor FPC would recommend the refinancing proposal to investors to whom FPC had sold contracts, and that he would remain "neutral" and would "allow CBR to contact such investors on its own behalf."

It is alleged that FPC employees, including Hemmings, contacted the investors and advised them not to involve themselves in the refinancing proposal and to withhold the next interest installment due under the contracts. It is alleged that this was done maliciously with intent to cause financial harm to CBR and with knowledge that the interest payments were essential to its refinancing proposal. It is alleged that thirty-three investors refused to pay their interest with the result that CBR defaulted on a bank loan against which the interest was pledged and destroyed a line of credit CBR had been negotiating.

The second claim is based on allegations that defendants were allowed a commission on the full price of each contract, "in contemplation of the program continuing for its 10 year normal term, and the sales price on each contract being paid in full, otherwise such commissions . . . amounted to 30% Of the downpayment funds actually received," contrary to unspecified regulations of the Commissioner of Securities. The complaint alleges that the commissions "were not properly earned, since defendants wrongfully caused premature termination of the investment contracts upon which such commissions were initially based."

Plaintiff's third claim is based on allegations that the defendants falsely misrepresented to FPC investors, among other things, that CBR's manager of ranch and breeding operations had left CBR's employ.

Defendants demurred in 1974 to each claim on grounds that no claim is stated upon which relief can be granted. The demurrer was brought on for hearing in 1977.

A. Appealability of Order Overruling Demurrer

Plaintiff urges that we summarily dismiss this appeal under rule 809.21(1), Stats., because an order overruling a demurrer is not a final order and therefore is not appealable as a matter of right. Section 808.03(1), Stats., provides that a final order may be appealed to the court of appeals as a matter of right and defines a final order as one which disposes of the entire matter in litigation as to one or both of the parties. An order overruling a demurrer is not a final order by that definition.

Section 808.03(1), Stats., was created by ch. 187, Laws of 1977, effective August 1, 1978. The order from which this appeal was take was filed June 1, 1978 and therefore sec. 808.03(1) does not apply. Section 817.33(3)(e), Stats.1975, prior to its repeal by sec. 118, ch. 187, Laws of 1977, provided that an order overruling a motion to dismiss under sec. 802.06(2), Stats., was appealable. A motion to dismiss under the latter section is the successor to the demurrer authorized by sec. 263.06, Stats.1973.

As the order was filed and was appealable before the effective date of sec. 808.03(1), Stats., the appeal will not be dismissed.

B. Issues on Review of Demurrer

A demurrer to a complaint admits the facts which are well-pleaded but denies that they have the legal consequences asserted by the plaintiff. The question is whether any cause of action has been stated on which relief may be granted. The plaintiff is bound by the facts he alleges but not by his theory of recovery. Pleadings are liberally construed with a view to substantial justice between the parties and are entitled to all reasonable inferences in favor of the pleadings which may be drawn from the facts pleaded. See Int'l Found. Emp. Ben. Plans v. Brookfield, 74 Wis.2d 544, 548, 549, 247 N.W.2d 129 (1976).

C. Inducing Non-Performance of Contract Terminable at Will

Defendants contend that the contracts between CBR and its investors are terminable by the investors at will and that People's Land & Mfg. Co. v. Beyer, 161 Wis. 349, 154 N.W. 382 (1915), holds that there can be no liability for inducing the breach of a contract terminable at will. We assume without deciding that the contracts are terminable at will.

People's Land & Mfg. Co. v. Beyer is not in point. In that case a landlord persuaded his tenants to discontinue purchasing electricity from the plaintiff utility and to use the service of a rival company. The landlord was motivated by hostility toward the president of plaintiff. The tenants could discontinue plaintiff's service on reasonable notice. The court's reasoning shows that, but for a privilege to do so, the landlord's interference with plaintiff's service to others would have been tortious. The court said,

It may be assumed that plaintiff had and has a legal right to sell its current to those who desired to use it and that such a right is entitled to legal protection. It could lawfully be interfered with, however, by one who had an equal or superior right. The general rule is that whatever a man may lawfully do on his own property under any circumstances, he may do regardless of the motive for his conduct. People's, 161 Wis. 349, 352, 154 N.W. 382, 383 (citations omitted).

There can be tort liability for interference with a contract terminable at will. Johnson v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 158 Wis. 56, 147 N.W. 32 (1914); Mendelson v. Blatz Brewing Co., 9 Wis.2d 487, 101 N.W.2d 805 (1960). Johnson And Mendelson, as defendants note, involved employment contracts terminable at will. A cause of action for tortious interference with contracts terminable at will, however, is not, contrary to defendants' contention, limited to employment contracts. The court in Mendelson relied on Prosser, Law of Torts (2d Ed.), sec. 106 at 726, ¹ where it is said,

" 'However, eminent legal writers to the contrary notwithstanding, the overwhelming majority of the cases have held that interference with employments Or other contracts terminable at will is actionable, since until it is terminated the contract is a subsisting relation, of value to the plaintiff, and presumably to continue in effect. The possibility of termination does, however, bear upon the issue of the damages sustained, and it must be taken into account in determining the defendant's privilege to interfere.' " Mendelson, 9 Wis.2d 487, 491, 101 N.W.2d 805, 807 (emphasis supplied).

The court in Mendelson applied Restatement of Torts sec. 766(a), ² at 49 (1939), to the employment contract before it. Section 766(a) provides that "one who, without a privilege to do so, induces or otherwise purposely causes a third person not to perform a contract with another . . . is liable to the other for the harm caused thereby."

The successor to Restatement of Torts sec. 766, is Restatement (Second) of Torts sec. 766 at 7 (1979), which provides,

One who intentionally and improperly interferes with the performance of a contract (except a contract to marry) between another and a third person by inducing or otherwise causing the third person not to perform the contract, is subject to liability to the other for the pecuniary loss resulting to the other from the failure of the third person to perform the contract.

Comment f to sec. 766 at 10 of Restatement (Second) of Torts states that the third person may have a defense against an action on the contract, such as the statute of frauds, formal defects and infancy by which he may avoid liability for breach but, "The defendant actor is not, however, for that reason free to interfere with performance of the contract before it is avoided." Comment g continues,

A similar situation exists with a contract that, by its terms or otherwise, permits the third person to terminate the agreement at will. Until he has so terminated it, the contract is valid and...