Cicero v. E. B. K., Inc.

• Decision Date: 25 June 1974
• Citation: 352 A.2d 309,166 Conn. 490
• Parties: Richard CICERO v. E.B.K., INC., et al.
• Court: Connecticut Supreme Court

Page 309

352 A.2d 309

166 Conn. 490

Richard CICERO v. E.B.K., INC., et al.

Supreme Court of Connecticut.

June 25, 1974.

William F. Gallagher, New Haven, with whom, on the brief, was George L. Eastman, New Haven, for appellants (defendants).

Timothy F. Woodbridge, Hartford, for appellee (plaintiff).

Before HOUSE, C.J., and SHAPIRO, LOISELLE, MacDONALD and BOGDANSKI, JJ.

MacDONALD, Associate Justice.

The plaintiff, while visiting a bar as a patron, suffered injuries when shot by another patron with a gun kept on the premises by the defendants, the owner and permittee of the bar. A negligence action for damages against the owner and permittee resulted in a plaintiff's verdict and the defendants have appealed from the judgment rendered thereon, assigning as error several paragraphs of the court's charge to the jury, the court's denial of their motion to set aside the verdict as not supported by the evidence, two rulings on evidence and a number of paragraphs of the finding, which is not subject to correction. ¹ We will discuss separately the assignments pertaining to liability and damages.

We consider first the assignments of error addressed to that portion of the charge relating to liability, the correctness of which normally is determined by the claims of proof of the respective parties. Practice Book § 635; Gosselin v. Perry, 166 Conn. 152, 157 n. 1, 348 A.2d 623 n. 1. Here, however, the defendants' attack on the court's charge with respect to liability simply claims error 'because it did not adequately or correctly state the law governing the liability of the defendant (sic) under the circumstances of this case.' They have failed to point out, either in their assignment of error, their brief or in oral argument, in what respect the challenged paragraphs of the charge are incorrect statements of the law or are otherwise inapplicable to the facts of the case nor does it appear from the record that they made any request to charge on the issue they now contest. 'The assignment is in itself inadequate and irregular. We cannot be asked to consider claimed errors in the charge unless they are specifically pointed out. . . . Moreover, the assignment does not state, as it should, wherein any particular portion of the charge is erroneous, but refers to a portion of the finding wherein successive and extended quotations are set forth, under the sole allegation that it is inadequate. This violates one of the definite and salutary rules of our appellate procedure.' Quackenbush v. Vallario, 114 Conn. 652, 655-656, 159 A. 893, 895; see Furber v. Trowbridge, 117 Conn. 478, 482, 169 A. 43; Maltbie, Conn.App.Proc. § 175, and cases cited. It also should be noted that the exception taken to the charge by the defendants fails to point out any specific respect in which the court's charge inadequately or incorrectly stated the law and certainly did not 'state distinctly the matter objected to and the ground of objection' as required by Practice Book § 249. 'This assignment is too general, and raises no question we are bound to consider. . . . (However,) (i) t may also be stated, in relation to this assignment, that the record discloses that the charge as it was given presented the issues raised by the pleadings in a plain, concise and proper manner, that the law relating to these issues was fully and correctly stated, and was amply sufficient for the guidance of the jury.' Smith v. Hausdorf, 92 Conn. 579, 581, 103 A. 939, 940.

The defendants next assign as error the court's denial of their motion to set aside the verdict as not supported by the evidence, having specifically abandoned their claim that the damages awarded are excessive. In reviewing such a decision "we are concerned primarily with whether the court has abused its discretion. . . . In determining this the unquestioned rule is that 'great weight is due to the action of the trial court and every reasonable presumption should be given in favor of its correctness.' . . . It must always be borne in mind that litigants have a constitutional right to have issues of fact decided by the jury and not by the court." Gosselin v. Perry, supra, 348 A.2d 623.

From the evidence printed in the appendices, the jury reasonably could have found that on October 20, 1966, the defendant E.B.K Inc., was the backer and the defendant Thomas J. Kennedy was the permittee of premises in Hartford known as 'Charley's Northwest,' which was operated by the defendants as a bar or tavern where the general public was invited for business purposes; that on that day between midnight and 1 a.m. the plaintiff was shot by one Paul 'Blackie' Shannon while on the premises; that the plaintiff was shot with the defendant Kennedy's stub-nose .38 Colt revolver, which was kept on the premises in a drawer on the right-hand side of the cash register; and that the shooting occurred subsequent to an argument between the plaintiff and Shannon, which had continued initially for twenty to twenty-five minutes and which had flared up intermittently thereafter throughout the evening and was occasionally loud.

The jury also could have found that Kennedy had allowed Shannon to work behind the bar without supervision on many occasions and that Shannon probably had learned of the location of the gun in this manner; that Kennedy knew, prior to the shooting, that Shannon had a criminal record, had made no effort to check on his fitness and had no basis for assuming him to be a responsible individual; that Kennedy had exhibited the gun to patrons on numerous occasions and that on the night in question the defendants had insufficient personnel on the premises considering its location in a troubled area where crimes of violence had frequently occurred. Even in a situation such as this, where a tortious act by a third person actually causes the injury, '(t)he question of proximate cause is so fundamentally one of fact and inference that, even where, as here, there is no serious dispute about the material facts, it should be left to the jury if it is open to a reasonable difference of opinion.' Edgecomb v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 127 Conn. 488, 492, 18 A.2d 364, 366. For this court to intercede in a case of this kind would imply that 'the constitutional guarantee of trial by jury would have little force.' Labbee v. Anderson, 149 Conn. 58, 60, 175 A.2d 370, 371. The court's denial of the motion to set aside the verdict was proper.

The defendants also have assigned as error two evidential rulings made by the trial court. They first claim that the court erred in admitting into evidence a statement signed by the defendant Kennedy on November 4, 1966. During cross-examination, Kennedy denied telling anyone that Shannon had worked behind the bar the Sunday prior to October 20, 1966, denied telling anyone that Shannon must have known of the location of the pistol because of having tended bar, and denied telling anyone that 'Shannon has a police record, to my knowledge.' Each of these denials was contradicted by the statement he had signed on November 4, which was offered and accepted into evidence over the defendants' objection that it was hearsay and was not contradictory of his testimony.

It has long been the rule in Connecticut and most jurisdictions that extrajudicial admissions inconsistent with a party's position at the trial may be received into evidence to prove the truth of the matter stated therein and to impeach the party's credibility. Culetsu v. Dix, 149 Conn. 456, 460, 181 A.2d 116; Bucchi v. Gleason, 137 Conn. 25, 31, 74 A.2d 212; Tappin v. Knox, 115 Conn. 508, 517, 162 A. 7; see 3 Wignore, Evidence (3d Ed.) §§ 1018, 1041, 4 id. § 1048. As noted,...