Com. v. Burbank

• Decision Date: 15 April 1983
• Citation: 388 Mass. 789,448 N.E.2d 735
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Barry Wayne BURBANK.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 735

448 N.E.2d 735

388 Mass. 789

COMMONWEALTH v. Barry Wayne BURBANK.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts,

Hampden.

Argued Dec. 7, 1982.

Decided April 15, 1983.

Philip X. Murray, Boston, for defendant.

William T. Walsh, Jr., Asst. Dist. Atty., for the Commonwealth.

Before HENNESSEY, C.J., and ABRAMS, NOLAN, LYNCH and O'CONNOR, JJ.

NOLAN, Justice.

The defendant, Barry Wayne Burbank, was convicted by a jury of the murder in the first degree of Daniel Coakley. He was also convicted of assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon, and assault with intent to murder, upon Shaune Coakley. Burbank was sentenced to life imprisonment on the murder charge and to concurrent terms of eight to ten years on the assault charges. He appeals all convictions, alleging various errors in the trial judge's jury instructions and in the denial of his motions for required findings of not guilty of murder in the first and second degree. He also seeks relief under G.L. c. 278, § 33E. Because we conclude that the judge's instruction on self-defense as to each indictment was insufficient, we reverse.

The following essential facts are not in dispute on appeal. Further facts necessary to understand the issues are set forth elsewhere in the opinion.

On the evening of December 19, 1979, Burbank, his friend David Avery, and Avery's girl friend attended a Christmas party at the Center of Town bar (bar) in Chicopee. The party was given for the employees, patrons, and guests of the bar and of the Market Square Billiards, both of which are located in the Market Square building. Following an argument and a brief shoving match with Lee Vincelette, an employee of the Market Square Billiards, Burbank was asked to leave the bar. After he had been escorted to the door, another scuffle erupted and Burbank was pushed to the ground by Shaune Coakley, a former employee of the bar who was attending the party as a guest. Shaune testified that he had observed the earlier fracas and had come over to assist in ejecting Burbank.

About five minutes after Burbank left, Avery also left the bar, located Burbank, and offered him a ride home. Avery drove Burbank to a house in Springfield where they were joined by two men. The four then drove to Enfield, Connecticut, where one of the two men entered an apartment building, returned ten minutes later, and handed a revolver to Burbank. Burbank put the gun under his belt at his back. The four then drove back to the bar. During the trip, Avery asked if Burbank was "going to do anything crazy." Burbank answered in the negative but said that he wanted to "straighten matters out with this guy." He also said that if "the guy wanted to fight him one-on-one that he would be glad to accommodate him. He just didn't want a bunch of his buddies jumping in or anything." Burbank appeared calm at this time. There was testimony that the bar had a reputation for fights and that "cliques of people hung around" the Market Square Billiards.

When they arrived at the bar, Burbank said, "This is my beef," and entered alone. Inside, he apologized to Vincelette and the two shook hands. Burbank also spoke with Ernest LaFlamme, the managing bartender. Burbank told Avery, who had rejoined his girl friend, that everything was straightened out. Burbank then went up to the bar, where he spoke with a man and a woman seated there. Shaune Coakley sat down at the bar across from Burbank and asked him "what the f--- he was doing back there." The two exchanged epithets and Shaune motioned for Burbank to come around the bar. When Burbank refused, Shaune walked around the bar and stook next to him. Burbank told Shaune that Shaune "was going to ... get it and all [his] friends were going to ... get it." Shaune replied, "Outside."

Burbank walked to the door and Shaune followed him. At this point, the testimony varies. Shaune Coakley testified that, as soon as Burbank stepped outside the bar, Burbank pulled a gun from under his coat, turned, and shot from a distance of seven to nine feet, hitting Shaune in the knee. Avery testified that Burbank told him on the day following the incident that he had to shoot because several men jumped him at the door. Another witness testified that, although he did not see Shaune get shot, he did see the right side of a man holding a gun through the door.

LaFlamme was the first person out the door after the shooting. He saw Burbank walking away near the corner of the building and shouted, "[S]top." Burbank turned and may have taken one or two steps back toward the bar. As other people came out of the bar, Burbank turned and ran down a nearby alley.

Six or eight people chased Burbank down the alley. The exact route of the chase is unclear, but it apparently continued through several alleys, a parking lot, and down or across a few streets. At some point, Burbank turned and fired a shot which passed over his pursuers' heads and ricocheted off a building. Avery testified that Burbank later said he had to fire because "they were going to jump me." At least three people, Daniel Coakley, Randy Wood and John Moriarty, continued the pursuit.

Wood testified that as he entered another alley he saw Burbank, his back toward a garage, facing Daniel Coakley, who was standing on a wooden platform some five feet in front of Burbank. Wood estimated that he was about thirty-five feet behind Daniel, whose back was to him. Wood heard Daniel say, "Arry [sic ], come on, you know me. Are you going to shoot me, too?" Wood did not hear Burbank say anything, although he thought there could have been other conversation. According to Wood, Daniel spoke in a low, calm voice and held his hands out from his body. Burbank then started running toward a row of hedges next to the garage and Daniel ran down the platform stairs after him. At the bottom of the stairs, Daniel either stopped or slowed down and Burbank, who "looked like he was backed up against the hedges leaning on them with one hand," shot him. Burbank then ran between the hedges and the garage. Wood pursued him but lost sight of him. Wood did not recall seeing anyone else in the alley at the time of the shooting. He testified that the space between the hedges and the garage was "pretty tight" but that he had no problem running through it. He also testified that one could go through the hedges and into the parking lot on the other side.

Moriarty testified that he entered the "walkway" and approached to within fifteen or twenty feet of the platform. He heard Burbank say to Daniel, "[D]on't come near me or I'll kill you," and he heard Daniel say words to the effect that no one would hurt Burbank and that Burbank could put the gun down and leave or come back with him. Daniel had his hands "up from his body." Burbank again threatened to kill Daniel if he came near. Moriarty testified that then "[t]he accused turned around to take a couple of steps, Danny stepped down off the platform a couple feet and he [Burbank] turned and shot." At the time of the shooting, Burbank was "[a] couple steps down on the side of the garage ... in-between the bushes and the garage," about ten feet from the victim. After the shot, Moriarty ran back to the bar to summon an ambulance. He testified that he saw one other person in the alley when he first entered it but that the person was gone when he looked a few seconds later. After the shot, Moriarty heard a voice, apparently coming from the parking lot on the other side of the hedges, say, "[C]all an ambulance."

1. The instructions on the murder indictment. In the charge on the murder indictment, the judge instructed the jury on murder in the first degree by reason of deliberate premeditation; murder in the second degree as a killing with malice but without deliberate premeditation, or as a killing occurring during flight following the commission of a felony not punishable by life imprisonment; voluntary manslaughter as the result of an intentional killing upon reasonable provocation in the heat of passion; involuntary manslaughter; and self-defense as a complete defense to the charge of murder. The defendant did not request, and the judge did not give, instructions on the use of excessive force in self-defense as a mitigation of murder to manslaughter. ¹ The defendant does not press on appeal the objections which he made to the charge. In the absence of requests for instructions and proper objections to the charge given, we review the defendant's challenges to his murder conviction under G.L. c. 278, § 33E. Commonwealth v. Chasson, 383 Mass. 183, --- - ---, Mass.Adv.Sh. (1981) 724, 730-732, 423 N.E.2d 306.

A criminal defendant is entitled to an instruction on self-defense if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to him, is sufficient to raise the issue. Commonwealth v. Harrington, 379 Mass. 446, 450, 399 N.E.2d 475 (1980). In Harrington, we set forth the evidentiary requirements for such a charge when the defendant used a deadly weapon. "There must be evidence warranting at least a reasonable doubt that the defendant: (1) had reasonable ground to believe and actually did believe that he was in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm, from which he could save himself only by using deadly force, (2) had availed himself of all proper means to avoid physical combat before resorting to the use of deadly force, and (3) used no more force than was reasonably necessary in all the circumstances of the case. Commonwealth v. Harris, 376 Mass. 201, 208, 380 N.E.2d 642 (1978), and cases cited. Absent the latter two elements, an instruction on manslaughter because of reasonable provocation or because of the use of excessive force in self-defense may be warranted." Commonwealth v. Harrington, supra, 379 Mass. at 450, 399 N.E.2d 475.

The evidence in this case, as the trial judge recognized, warranted an instruction on self-defense. There was evidence that Burbank actually believed that he was in imminent danger of serious bodily...