Com. v. Clark

• Decision Date: 16 September 1975
• Citation: 334 N.E.2d 68,3 Mass.App.Ct. 481
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Tyrone J. CLARK.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

Page 68

334 N.E.2d 68

3 Mass.App.Ct. 481

COMMONWEALTH

v. Tyrone J. CLARK.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.

Argued May 12, 1975.

Decided Sept. 16, 1975.

Joseph A. Todisco, Boston (Michael R. Pizziferri, Boston, with him), for defendant.

Thomas J. Mundy, Jr., Asst. Dist. Atty., for the Commonwealth.

Before HALE, C.J., and GOODMAN and GRANT, JJ.

GOODMAN, Justice.

The defendant at a jury trial was convicted of rape, unarmed robbery, and kidnapping. He appeals under G.L. c. 278, §§ 33A--33G. We summarize the events as they appear from the evidence.

On Saturday, June 23, 1973, at about 3:00 P.M., the victim, a young woman, was returning to her apartment on Park Drive in Boston from a shopping trip. As she approached the door to her building, the defendant grabbed her from behind and went with her into the vestibule of the building. He struck her and forced her to give him the money she had--about $30. He then forced her upstairs to her apartment. Upon entering the apartment the defendant dragged the victim into the kitchen, picked up a kitchen knife, and then dragged her into the bedroom. We omit a description of the brutal details as the defendant terrorized and raped the victim. At one point the victim tried to escape; the defendant caught her as she reached the door, dragged her back to the bed, and struck her repeatedly. Her face was swollen. The defendant then ordered the victim to dress and come with him. He told her, 'I've got a gun and if you try to escape I will shoot you or anyone else that tries to help you.' They went down by the cellar and out the back door.

The defendant led her down the Fenway and thence to a small Spanish restaurant on Tremont Street in an area unfamiliar to her. They stayed about fifteen minutes while the defendant had something to eat; the victim testified that she did not attempt to ask for help at that time because she believed that none of the restaurant employees understood English.

The defendant and the victim then boarded a bus. The victim whispered to the driver for help, but the driver made no move to come to her aid. The defendant and the victim got off at the next stop. Thereafter the defendant led the victim to a secluded area, demanded that she undress again, and forced her to perform an unnatural act, threatening to kill her.

The defendant and the victim then left the secluded area. As they passed by a fire station (it was not about 9:30 P.M.), the victim broke away from the defendant, ran into the station, and grabbed one of the firefighters, screaming for help. The defendant came into the fire station and said, 'I want my woman.' When a firefighter suggested that they summon a police officer, the defendant fled.

A medical examination of the victim disclosed the presence of sperm in the vagina, lacerations of the vagina and hymenal area, and a fracture of the orbital floor beneath the right eye.

At police headquarters the following day the victim looked through a number of boxes containing perhaps several hundred photographs kept in the identification section at the headquarters of the Boston Police Department; she made no identification. On Monday, June 25, she was shown a group of eleven photographs, from which she chose the defendant's photograph. The proprietor of the Spanish restaurant and four firefighters subsequently chose the defendant's photograph from the same group. At trial, all six persons identified the defendant.

We treat the assignments of error substantially in the order they are argued in the defendant's brief.

1. Assignments 1, 2, and 3 attack the denial (or partial denial) of various discovery motions.

The defendant's motion to produce all photographs shown 'to the victim and/or witnesses' was allowed only as to the group of eleven photographs shown to the victim on Monday, June 25, and later shown to the five other witnesses. The trial judge said: 'I don't want him (the prosecuting attorney) to be held to bringing in five hundred photographs shown at headquarters, but I do want the cluster of photographs which were shown to her which ultimately resulted in the alleged identification, shown to defense counsel.' The defendant argues, as he did at the hearing on the motion, that he was entitled to know whether the defendant's picture was among those which the victim looked at as she originally went through the files without making an identification. However, that did not require the physical production of all the photographs she had examined. Although the Supreme Judicial Court has held that the police are not required to make a record of the preliminary perusal of identification files by a victim (see Commonwealth v. Gibson, 357 Mass. 45, 47, 255 N.E.2d 742 (1970), cert. den. 400 U.S. 837, 91 S.Ct. 75, 27 L.Ed.2d 70 (1970) ¹), defense counsel was free to elicit from the police whether the defendant's picture was in the identification files at all and whether, if they knew, it was among those originally in the files examined by the victim. Defense counsel apparently made no attempt to obtain this information before trial; nor did he do so during trial, although he cross-examined both the victim and the police with reference to the victim's perusal of the identification files. In any event, a requirement that the police keep, to the extent practicable, some record of the files of photographs examined by a victim ought not to be imposed by this court in this case in view of Commonwealth v. Gibson, supra. See the analogous circumstances of Commonwealth v. Salerno, 356 Mass. 642, 648, 255 N.E.2d 318 (1970), in which the Supreme Judicial Court did not require the recording of grand jury minutes. ² Further, it seems inconceivable that--whatever the circumstances of the victim's examination of the files--they would have cast any substantial doubt on the identification by the victim, who had been with her assailant for about six hours. Moreover, five others identified the defendant from the eleven photographs shown to them--the same ones shown to the victim. See Harrington v. California, 395 U.S. 250, 253--254, 89 S.Ct. 1726, 23 L.Ed.2d 284 (1969).

The motion requesting generally all statements, written or oral, made by the defendant ³ was allowed only as to written statements and oral statements reduced to writing. There was no abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Colella, --- Mass.App. ---, --- - --- ^a, 319 N.E.2d 923 (1974), and cases cited.

The general motion for exculpatory evidence was properly denied for the reasons set forth in Commonwealth v. Preston, 359 Mass. 368, 370--371, 268 N.E.2d 922 (1971). Commonwealth v. Colella, supra, at --- - --- ^b, 319 N.E.2d 923.

2. Assignments 4 and 13 are concerned with the judge's order to sequester witnesses.

It was proper to exempt from the sequestration order Detective Farrell, a prospective Commonwealth witness, the investigating officer in the case, if 'the prospective witness, as the judge impliedly found, (wa)s essential to the management of the case.' Commonwealth v. Therrien, 359 Mass. 500, 508, 269 N.E.2d 687, 693 (1971). ⁴

During the trial two Commonwealth witnesses testified that they had briefly discussed the case outside the court-room with other witnesses. However, the trial judge determined that neither witness had spoken with any witness who had already testified, and this made pointless the defendant's motion for a mistrial. The trial judge, in any event, has broad discretion in such matters; and this discretion was obviously not abused here. Commonwealth v. Parry, --- Mass.App. ---, --- ^c, 306 N.E.2d 855 (1974).

3. Assignments 6, 10, and 15 concern references by the prosecuting attorney and two witnesses arguably suggesting the defendant's involvement in prior criminal activity.

The victim testified that, as she and the defendant left her apartment, the defendant first referred to a radio station that 'does the dedications to the prisoners' and then stated, 'I just got out of Concord, you know,' The testimony was relevant, particularly to the kidnapping charge. Commonwealth v. Chalifoux, 362 Mass. 811, 815--816, 291 N.E.2d 635, 638 (1973) which defense counsel inexplicably fails to mention, is directly applicable. The court there said: 'But while evidence of other criminal or wrongful behavior may not be admitted to prove the character or propensity of the accused as enhancing the probability that he committed the offence for which he is standing trial, it is admissible for other relevant probative purposes. . . . Here the statement was admissible to establish fully what occurred during the main episode in suit; it also bore directly on the frame of mind of the victim, her apprehension as to the defendant's intentions, which went to the proof of the crimes of kidnapping . . .. If, indeed, the value of the statement as legitimate proof appeared to be substantially outweighted by the danger of prejudice not correctible by the good cause of the jury, a case could be made for excluding it . . . but the present record does not persuade us to such a conclusion.' Since the testimony was admissible, the prosecutor's reference to it in his opening statement was proper. Commonwealth v. Gardner, 350 Mass. 664, 668, 216 N.E.2d 558 (1966).

The defendant moved for a mistrial after Detective Farrell testified that he had arrested the defendant at what he described as a 'halfway house.' The judge promptly and forcefully instructed the jury to disregard the reference. There was no error in denying the motion. Commonwealth v. Gibson, 357 Mass. 45, 48--49, 255 N.E.2d 742 (1970), cert. den. 400 U.S. 837, 91 S.Ct. 75, 27 L.Ed.2d 70 (1970). Moreover, the defendant himself in his testimony referred to living in a halfway house.

4. Assignment 11. There was no abuse of discretion in permitting leading questions to be put to a Spanish-speaking witness for the Commonwealth who testified through an interpreter. See Commonwealth v. Fiore, --- Mass. ---, --- ^d, 308 N.E.2d 902 (...