Com. v. Dessources

• Decision Date: 08 May 2009
• Docket Number: No. 07-P-1814.,07-P-1814.
• Citation: 905 N.E.2d 586,74 Mass. App. Ct. 232
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. John DESSOURCES.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

905 N.E.2d 586

74 Mass. App. Ct. 232

COMMONWEALTH v. John DESSOURCES.

No. 07-P-1814.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Middlesex.

Argued March 5, 2009.

Decided May 8, 2009.

Kathryn Hayne Barnwell, Boston, for the defendant.

Bethany Stevens, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

Present: GRASSO, SMITH, & TRAINOR, JJ.

GRASSO, J.

On appeal from his convictions of possession of a class D substance with the intent to distribute (G.L. c. 94C, § 32C), and a public park drug zone violation (G.L. c. 94C, § 32J), the defendant maintains that his convictions should be reversed because of errors in the (1) denial of his motion to suppress evidence, (2) admission of expert testimony, (3) sufficiency of the evidence of an intent to distribute, and (4) admission of the drugs and a drug analysis certificate. We affirm.

1. The motion to suppress evidence. We sketch the facts found by the motion judge, with minor additions from the undisputed testimony presented at the hearing on the motion to suppress.¹ See Commonwealth v. Clermy, 421 Mass. 325, 326, 656 N.E.2d 1253 (1995). We reserve discussion of the facts presented at trial for consideration in connection with the defendant's trial-related claims.

On December 15, 2006, at about 7:46 P.M., Cambridge police Detective John Boyle, who was in plain clothes and working alone, observed four individuals walk into the Cambridge Common, an area known for narcotics activity. Three of the individuals sat on a bench, and the fourth, the defendant, stood close by. From a distance of twenty to thirty yards away, Boyle observed the defendant drinking from an open container.² He approached to get a closer look and observed that the defendant was drinking Busch beer. He concluded that the defendant was drinking alcohol in public in violation of a city ordinance, an arrestable offense. Boyle also noticed that one of the three individuals seated on the bench had a glass marijuana pipe that was in the process of being lit and passed to one of the other individuals seated next to him.

Because the defendant was standing and the others were seated, Boyle considered it safer to approach the defendant first. Before conducting a patfrisk of the defendant incident to his imminent arrest, Boyle inquired whether the defendant had any weapons on his person. The defendant told Boyle that he had a box cutter in his jacket pocket. Boyle frisked the defendant to locate the box cutter, and then continued his frisk to search for other weapons. Inside the defendant's pants pocket, Boyle felt some hard objects. He removed the objects and recognized that they were several small, tightly wrapped plastic bags of marijuana with the ends of the bags twisted up.³ He completed his arrest of the defendant, who was then transported to the Cambridge police station for booking. At the station, Officer John Cameron conducted an inventory search of the defendant's person pursuant to the department's written inventory policy. In the course of that search, Cameron noted that the defendant was wearing multiple layers of clothing, including a pair of sweatpants and a pair of shorts beneath his pants. Inside one of the interior pockets, Cameron found six more individually wrapped baggies of marijuana.⁴

The defendant contends that all the marijuana seized by the police was the product of an unlawful search and seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment, art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, and G.L. c. 276.⁵ We disagree. The judge's factual findings, which are supported by the record, establish that the discovery of marijuana on the defendant's person at the scene and at the police station complied with Federal and State constitutional requirements. Regardless of his subjective motivations, Detective Boyle had probable cause to arrest the defendant for drinking from an open container of beer in the Cambridge Common in violation of a city ordinance. See Commonwealth v. Blevines, 438 Mass. 604, 605, 608, 782 N.E.2d 491 (2003) (viewed objectively, facts established probable cause to arrest for public drinking). Incident to that arrest, Boyle could search the defendant for weapons, especially given the defendant's acknowledgment that he had a box cutter on his person. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 413 Mass. 598, 602, 602 N.E.2d 555 (1992) (where probable cause exists, search incident to arrest may precede contemporaneous formal arrest); Commonwealth v. Stephens, 451 Mass. 370, 386, 885 N.E.2d 785 (2008) (same); Commonwealth v. Ilges, 64 Mass.App.Ct. 503, 516, 834 N.E.2d 276 (2005) (where there is right to arrest there is right to search incident to that arrest).

Boyle was not required to cease his search for weapons immediately upon retrieving the box cutter, and the hard objects located inside the defendant's pocket merited further scrutiny. See Commonwealth v. Clermy, 421 Mass. at 329, 656 N.E.2d 1253 (G.L. c. 276, § 1, clearly permits search for and visual examination of concealed objects that might be amenable to use as weapon); Commonwealth v. Blevines, 438 Mass. at 608, 782 N.E.2d 491 ("self-evident" that discovery of hard object in defendant's pocket justified retrieving that object as potential weapon). Upon locating and viewing the hard objects, it was immediately apparent to Boyle that the items were marijuana, a contraband substance, subject to plain view seizure. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, supra at 602-603, 602 N.E.2d 555 (contraband found during search incident to arrest may be seized by police); Commonwealth v. Blevines, supra at 609, 782 N.E.2d 491 (G.L. c. 276, § 1, is no impediment to seizure of obvious information inadvertently uncovered during search incident to arrest); Commonwealth v. Sullo, 26 Mass.App.Ct. 766, 770, 532 N.E.2d 1219 (1989) (police not required to blind themselves to information that declares its nature to anyone at its sight).

Contrary to the defendant's contention, G.L. c. 276, § 1, does not operate as a bar to the admission of all evidence discovered in the course of a search incident to a lawful arrest other than weapons or evidence of the crime for which the defendant is arrested.⁶ "General Laws c. 276, § 1, does not make inadmissible any evidence seized in a search incident to an arrest that is not evidence related to the crime which justified the arrest." Commonwealth v. Johnson, 413 Mass. at 602 n. 5, 602 N.E.2d 555. When making an arrest, the police may permissibly search a lawfully arrested individual for weapons or for evidence of the crime for which the individual is being arrested. Even a cursory reading of G.L. c. 276, § 1, discloses that nothing in the statute bars the admission in evidence of items so seized.

Less obvious, perhaps, is the fact that G.L. c. 276, § 1, does not prohibit the police from also seizing and using as evidence items discovered in the course of a search incident to lawful arrest that are plainly contraband or evidence of other criminality for which, objectively, the police have probable cause to arrest or search. See Commonwealth v. Clermy, 421 Mass. 325, 656 N.E.2d 1253. In Clermy, the police officers who were arresting the defendant on motor vehicle warrants conducted a patfrisk that revealed the presence of an electronic pager, cash, and a hard object between the defendant's legs in the area of his genitals. In retrieving the hard object, the police observed "a three-inch opaque brown plastic bottle for prescription medicine, covered with a white cap." Id. at 327, 656 N.E.2d 1253. Clermy concluded that the arresting officers were not required to ignore the hard object they encountered in a search for weapons and that G.L. c. 276, § 1, did not render the drugs inadmissible. Upon retrieving and viewing the hard object, together with their other observations, the police had probable cause to arrest the defendant for a narcotics violation without need to open the bottle. Id. at 330-331, 656 N.E.2d 1253. That the police had uncovered the bottle in a search incident to the defendant's arrest for motor vehicle warrants did not render the bottle and the drugs that it contained inadmissible under the statute. Ibid.

Johnson, Clermy, Blevines, and their progeny make plain that the limitation on admissibility of evidence expressed in G.L. c. 276, § 1, does not bar the admission of new evidence discovered during a search incident to a lawful arrest that is made for the purposes of seizing "weapons" or "fruits, instrumentalities, contraband, and other evidence of the crime for which the arrest has been made" when that new evidence is immediately apparent as contraband or evidence of other criminality. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 413 Mass. at 602, 602 N.E.2d 555 (statute is no bar to admission of cocaine seized during search incident to arrest for motor vehicle violation); Commonwealth v. Clermy, supra (statute is no bar to admission of illicit drugs discovered during weapons search incident to arrest on outstanding motor vehicle warrants). "[It is of no significance under the statute] that there is an initial arrest for a separate offense, if a new ground arises for proffering charges against a defendant in the course of a lawful search conducted in connection with the initial arrest." Commonwealth v. Clermy, supra at 330, 656 N.E.2d 1253.

Indeed, to interpret G.L. c. 276, § 1, in the manner the defendant suggests would lead to an absurd result: contraband or evidence of unrelated criminality discovered during a search incident to a lawful arrest would be excluded, but the same evidence discovered during a patfrisk (an intrusion permitted under a less exacting standard than probable cause to arrest or search) would not. See Commonwealth v. Wilson, 441 Mass. 390, 397, 805 N.E.2d 968 (2004). Such a dissonant result could not have been intended under the statute.

2. Expert testimony. At trial, the Commonwealth called Detective Louis Cherubino, Jr., as an expert in the manner of packaging and distributing drugs on the...