Com. v. Galloway

• Decision Date: 02 March 1989
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Steven GALLOWAY.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 778

534 N.E.2d 778

404 Mass. 204

COMMONWEALTH v. Steven GALLOWAY.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Suffolk.

Argued Nov. 9, 1988.

Decided March 2, 1989.

Maureen B. Brodoff, Committee for Public Counsel Services (Christopher S. Skinner, with her), Boston, for defendant.

Jane A. Donohue, Asst. Dist. Atty., for Com.

Before HENNESSEY, C.J., and WILKINS, LIACOS, ABRAMS, NOLAN, LYNCH and O'CONNOR, JJ.

WILKINS, Justice.

We return to the question of the admissibility at a criminal trial of out-of-court statements made by a person that he, and not the defendant on trial, committed the crime. See Commonwealth v. Drew, 397 Mass. 65, 73, 489 N.E.2d 1233 (1986); Commonwealth v. Carr, 373 Mass. 617, 623, 369 N.E.2d 970 (1977); Proposed Mass.R.Evid. 804(b)(3).

In this case, the trial judge fully recognized the applicable principle of law but erred in concluding that the standard for admissibility had not been met. The basic issue concerns whether the admissions of the other person were sufficiently corroborated to meet the requirement of trustworthiness and, hence, in the circumstances, to make them admissible.

The defendant was found guilty of the armed robbery of two men on January 21, 1983, in Boston's South End. ¹ The two victims confidently identified the defendant and another young man as the robbers. There is no claim that the evidence did not warrant the jury's conclusions. The defendant's argument is that he was not one of the robbers, that his cousin Daryl Fuller was, and that he should have been permitted to show that on several occasions Fuller had admitted to his involvement.

The defendant and his cousin, who was a juvenile, were two of six youths who were in the vicinity of the crime at the time it was committed. A police officer, who was also in the area, testified that two of the youths had been separated from the other four and had joined them before they all entered an apartment building on Columbus Avenue where the six were subsequently arrested for breaking and entering. The police found some of the stolen items and a gun in the apartment where the six were arrested.

At trial Fuller, called as a witness by the defendant, asserted his privilege against self-incrimination. The judge properly dismissed Fuller as a witness. The defendant then advised the judge that he wished to present testimony that Fuller had made statements admitting his involvement in the robberies and stating that the defendant had not been involved. The judge appropriately held a voir dire hearing at which three potential witnesses testified, Fuller's mother, the defendant's sister and the defendant's mother. The defendant's mother and Fuller's mother are sisters.

Fuller's mother testified that she had picked Fuller up at the police station after his arrest on the night of the robbery, and that he had said nothing during the ride home. In the next day or two, she spoke with her son who told her that he had been one of the robbers and that the defendant had not been. The next day she heard her son make substantially the same statement to the defendant's sister. Later, she, her husband, and her son met with her son's lawyer, and, in her son's presence, she told the lawyer that her son had confessed to the robbery.

The defendant's sister testified that during a telephone call on the night of the arrest Fuller, her cousin, had told her that the defendant had not committed the robberies and that he had. Later, while waiting for a bus after the defendant's probable cause hearing, Fuller explained "how the incident happened and how the cop was wrong in blaming Steven." Fuller added that he had been standing on some stairs at the time of the robbery to make himself look taller than he was.

The defendant's mother testified that on the day after the robberies Fuller told her on the telephone that the defendant did not do anything and that he was the one who did it. On the day of the defendant's probable cause hearing, while waiting for a bus after the hearing, Fuller said that he had been standing on a step and that confused a witness about his height. He told her that the other youth had had a gun and had threatened to shoot the victims.

The defendant argued that Fuller's hearsay statements to these three witnesses were admissible as declarations against his penal interest. The judge ruled that, although the declarant was unavailable and the statements were against his penal interest, the statements were insufficiently corroborated. He excluded the testimony. ²

The defendant then called as a witness Vincent Edwards, one of the other five youths arrested with the defendant. Edwards testified that the group of six went looking for marihuana, found some, and headed toward an apartment to which one of them had a key. As they neared the apartment, Fuller and one Al Waldon broke off from the group. The rest of the group went to the apartment to smoke the marihuana. Waldon and Fuller arrived a few minutes later. They displayed "silver and stuff" and told the group that "they made a robbery." The police arrived a few minutes later. After Edwards's testimony, the defendant asked the judge to reconsider his ruling concerning the admissibility of Fuller's admissions. He argued that the level of corroboration and trustworthiness was greater following Edwards's testimony. The judge denied the defendant's motion.

A defendant is entitled to present evidence tending to show that someone else committed the crime for which he stands accused. Commonwealth v. Jewett, 392 Mass. 558, 562, 467 N.E.2d 155 (1984). The defendant undertook to demonstrate through the statements of his cousin Daryl Fuller that he was not one of the robbers. Fuller's insistence on his constitutional rights thwarted the defendant's attempt to obtain in-court admissions from Fuller that would have shown that Fuller, but not the defendant, had been involved in the robberies. The defendant then turned to Fuller's out-of-court admissions in an attempt to make the point. The question then was whether Fuller's declarations were admissible under an exception to the hearsay rule.

We have adopted in substance the principle expressed in Rule 804(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Evidence (1985), recognizing a declaration against penal interest as an exception to the hearsay rule. Commonwealth v. Carr, 373 Mass. 617, 623, 369 N.E.2d 970 (1977). A statement must meet three tests to be admissible: " [T]he declarant's testimony must be unavailable; the statement must so far tend to subject the declarant to criminal liability 'that a reasonable man in his position would not have made the statement unless he believed it to be true'; and the statement, if offered to exculpate the accused, must be corroborated by circumstances clearly indicating its trustworthiness." Commonwealth v. Drew, 397 Mass. 65, 73, 489 N.E.2d 1233 (1986), quoting United States v. Thomas, 571 F.2d 285, 288 (5th Cir.1978), and citing Proposed Mass.R.Evid. 804(b)(3).

The first two elements of the test are clearly satisfied here. Fuller's testimony was unavailable because he had invoked his privilege against self-incrimination. Commonwealth v. Drew, supra. Commonwealth v. Hesketh, 386 Mass. 153, 158 n. 4, 434 N.E.2d 1238 (1982). The statements attributed to Fuller were direct admissions of guilt, and they so far tended to subject him to potential punishment (even as a juvenile) that a reasonable person in the same position would not make any such statements without believing them to be true. See Commonwealth v. Drew, supra 397 Mass. at 74, 489 N.E.2d 1233.

Our focus is on whether there was evidence of corroborating circumstances that indicate the trustworthiness of Fuller's statements. The judge's role is to assess the credibility of the declarant (here, Fuller) and to admit a statement if "there is some reasonable likelihood that the statement could be true." Commonwealth v. Drew, supra at 76, 489 N.E.2d 1233. The judge may consider "the timing of the declaration and the relationship between the declarant and the witness, ... the reliability and character of the declarant, ... whether the statement was made spontaneously, ... whether other people heard the out-of-court statement, ... whether there is any apparent motive for the declarant to misrepresent the matter, ... and whether and in what circumstances the statement was repeated...." (citations omitted). Id. We have also...