Com. v. Gonzalez

• Decision Date: 19 December 1997
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Angel Luis GONZALEZ.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 455

688 N.E.2d 455

426 Mass. 313

COMMONWEALTH v. Angel Luis GONZALEZ.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Middlesex.

Argued Oct. 6, 1997.

Decided Dec. 19, 1997.

Jane E. Ross, Cambridge, for defendant.

Lincoln S. Jalelian, Assistant District Attorney (William F. Bloomer, Assistant District Attorney, with him), for the Commonwealth.

Before WILKINS, C.J., and ABRAMS, LYNCH, GREANEY, MARSHALL and IRELAND, JJ.

ABRAMS, Justice.

The defendant, Angel Luis Gonzalez, was convicted on two indictments charging trafficking in cocaine. He appealed and we transferred the case to this court on our own motion. The evidence against him included several tape recorded conversations, recorded without his knowledge or consent by a Federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) officer. Gonzalez argues that the recordings violated the wiretapping statute, G.L. c. 272, § 99, and art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. He also argues that the trial judge erred in instructing the jury on reasonable doubt. Because we conclude that neither the wiretapping statute nor art. 14 applies to Federal officers conducting a Federal investigation, and that the instructions did not create a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice, we affirm the convictions.

Facts. DEA Special Agent Joseph Tamuleviz, having received a tip from a confidential informant that the codefendant, Charles Thomas, ¹ was a large-scale dealer of cocaine in the Lowell area, commenced an undercover investigation. Pursuant to this investigation, Tamuleviz, using Federal funds, bought cocaine directly from Thomas as well as from Gonzalez, to whom Thomas led him. At all times during the investigation, Tamuleviz wore a "body wire" secretly and without a warrant. The wire transmitted his conversations to another DEA agent, who tape recorded a total of fifteen of these conversations. Two of the conversations took place in Gonzalez's home. Gonzalez can be heard on these recordings.

The Lowell police department assisted the DEA with the investigation. It provided surveillance and intelligence information, as well as facilities to field test the cocaine. Lowell police officers occasionally monitored the transmitted conversations along with another DEA agent. After the final cocaine purchase, Lowell police officers obtained a search warrant from the Lowell Division of the District Court Department, asserting in the application that "this Bureau and the [DEA] have been involved in an investigation of narcotics trafficking."

The object of the investigation was at all times Federal prosecution. However, the quantity of cocaine seized pursuant to the search warrant was not sufficient to meet DEA prosecution guidelines. The DEA therefore decided not to seek Federal prosecution, but to turn over the evidence to the Lowell police department for State prosecution.

Before the trial, Gonzalez and Thomas moved to suppress the tape-recorded conversations on the ground that the interception violated § 99 and art. 14. The motion judge found that "the investigation was from its inception a Federal [one] controlled by DEA" and that "Lowell officers neither assumed nor asserted an authority over the investigation until it was referred to them for State prosecution." The judge reasoned that § 99 D 1 c permits Federal investigative and law enforcement officers to make so-called one-party consent recordings "if acting pursuant to authority of the laws of the United States and within the scope of their authority," and that the State involvement in the investigation was insufficient to create a "combined enterprise" of the sort that subjects Federal officers to the stricter State standard. See Commonwealth v. Jarabek, 384 Mass. 293, 297, 424 N.E.2d 491 (1981). Further, § 99 B 4 permits "an investigative or law enforcement officer ... to record or transmit a wire or oral communication if the officer is a party to such communication ... and if recorded or transmitted in the course of an investigation of a designated offense," that is, an offense connected with organized crime and listed in § 99 B 7. The judge reasoned that large-scale drug trafficking is such an offense and that the DEA had a reasonable suspicion that Thomas was involved in organized crime. The judge concluded that Tamuleviz and the DEA did not violate § 99 or art. 14 and accordingly denied the motions to suppress. We agree. We affirm.

1. "The secret transmission or recording of oral communications without the consent of all parties is generally proscribed by § 99." Commonwealth v. Blood, 400 Mass. 61, 66, 507 N.E.2d 1029 (1987). Generally such recordings are not admissible in criminal trials for the Commonwealth. Section 99 D 1 c, however, creates a Federal officer exemption to the statute, providing that it is not a violation of § 99 "for investigative and law enforcement officers of the United States of America to violate the provisions of this section if acting pursuant to authority of the laws of the United States and within the scope of their authority." This exemption permits Federal law enforcement officers to investigate crimes pursuant to their legitimate Federal authority, without undue State interference.

Federal law permits one-party consent transmission and recording of oral communications for investigative and law enforcement purposes. See 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(c) (1994); United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745, 750-751, 91 S.Ct. 1122, 1125-1126, 28 L.Ed.2d 453 (1971) (plurality opinion). Tamuleviz, a Federal agent authorized to wear a wire while conducting an "essential[ly] ... Federal" investigation, was therefore "acting pursuant to authority of the laws of the United States and within the scope of [his] authority." Under the Federal officer exemption, Tamuleviz did not violate § 99 by intercepting the conversations without Gonzalez's consent. The conversations are therefore not suppressible under the statute. See Blood, supra at 67, 507 N.E.2d 1029.

Gonzalez argues, relying on Jarabek, supra at 297, 424 N.E.2d 491, that the Federal officer exemption only lets Tamuleviz avoid criminal and civil penalties under § 99 and does not prohibit the suppression of evidence. In Jarabek, we stated:

"The Federal officer exemption ... allows Federal officials to conduct their own investigations in accordance with Federal law, free of the statute's criminal and civil penalties. The exemption does not render the Federal interceptions automatically admissible in a State prosecution."

Id. We stated this, however, in the context of analyzing whether the Federal and State officers in that case were involved in a "combined enterprise," which would trigger the strict State prohibition of one-party consent recordings and render them inadmissible. Id. In Jarabek, Federal authorities supplied the recording equipment, but State authorities made the ultimate decision whether to make recordings, and the purpose of the investigation was to obtain evidence for a State prosecution. Id. at 295, 424 N.E.2d 491. We determined that it was a State-oriented investigation and a combined enterprise between State and Federal officials. Id. at 297, 424 N.E.2d 491. Therefore, the Federal officer exemption did not render the recordings admissible. Id.

By contrast, the investigation of Thomas, as well as Gonzalez, was initiated by Federal agents. Federal agents...