Com. v. Hoke, 28 MAP 2008.
Decision Date | 22 January 2009 |
Docket Number | No. 28 MAP 2008.,28 MAP 2008. |
Citation | 962 A.2d 664 |
Parties | COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Brian William HOKE, Jr., Appellant. |
Court | Pennsylvania Supreme Court |
Kent D. Watkins, St. Clair, for Brian William Hoke, Jr., appellant.
Karl Baker, Esq., Peter Rosalsky, Defender Ass'n of PA, for Defender Ass'n of PA, appellant amicus curiae.
James Patrick Goodman, Esq., Skuylkill County Dist. Attorney's Office, Thomas James Campion, Jr., Esq., Pottsville, for the Com. of PA.
BEFORE: CASTILLE, C.J., SAYLOR, EAKIN, BAER, TODD, McCAFFERY and GREENSPAN, JJ.
We accepted this appeal to address a single issue: whether the mandatory minimum sentencing provision of 35 P.S. § 780-113(k) applies to a conviction for conspiracy to manufacture a controlled substance? The Superior Court held that this mandatory minimum sentencing provision does apply to a conspiracy to manufacture conviction. We vacate and remand.
Appellant, Brian William Hoke, Jr., was convicted of numerous charges stemming from his involvement in a methamphetamine manufacturing operation. He was convicted under the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, 35 P.S. § 780-101 et seq., of possessing drug paraphernalia,1 and of manufacturing a controlled substance (methamphetamine).2 He was also convicted under the Pennsylvania Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 101 et seq., of risking a catastrophe.3 Finally, he was convicted under the Crimes Code of criminal conspiracy to commit each of the foregoing crimes.4
Applying the mandatory minimum sentencing provision in 35 P.S. § 780-113(k), the trial judge imposed a sentence of two to four years' incarceration upon Appellant for his conviction for the manufacture of a controlled substance. The judge then imposed a consecutive two to four year sentence, again applying the mandatory minimum sentencing provision under 35 P.S. § 780-113(k), for the conspiracy to manufacture a controlled substance conviction.5
Appellant contends that it was error for the trial judge to impose a mandatory minimum sentence for the conspiracy conviction. In affirming the judgment of sentence, the Superior Court stated:
Pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 905, "[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this title, attempt, solicitation and conspiracy are crimes of the same grade and degree as the most serious offense which is attempted or solicited or is an object of the conspiracy." 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 905(a). Thus, as Appellant was convicted of the manufacture of a controlled substance, the conspiracy charge on which he was sentenced was subject to the same mandatory sentencing provision as the offense of manufacturing a controlled substance set forth under 35 P.S. § 780-113(k).
Commonwealth v. Hoke, 928 A.2d 300, 306 (Pa.Super.2007). The foregoing is the extent of the Superior Court's analysis.
Our review of the Superior Court's decision presents a pure question of law. We therefore apply a de novo standard of review. Commonwealth v. Worthy, 957 A.2d 720, 724 (Pa.2008).
The mandatory minimum sentencing statute at issue provides as follows:
Any person convicted of manufacture of amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers and salts of its optical isomers; methamphetamine, its salts, isomers and salts of isomers; or phenylacetone and phenyl-2-proponone shall be sentenced to at least two years of total confinement without probation, parole or work release, notwithstanding any other provision of this act or other statute to the contrary.
35 P.S. § 780-113(k) (emphasis added).
The statute requires that a mandatory minimum sentence be imposed for the crime of manufacturing one of the referenced controlled substances, but is silent regarding the crime of conspiracy to manufacture a controlled substance. Conspiracy to manufacture a controlled substance is not the same crime as manufacturing a controlled substance. Commonwealth v. Miller, 469 Pa. 24, 364 A.2d 886, 887 (1976) ( ). A defendant may be convicted of both conspiracy and the offense that was the object of the conspiracy. Commonwealth v. Rios, 546 Pa. 271, 684 A.2d 1025, 1030 (1996). There is nothing in Section 780-113(k) to indicate that it is intended to apply to conspiracy convictions.
Nor can such an intention be inferred from the relevant statutory sections setting forth the elements of the crimes. Manufacture of a controlled substance by an unauthorized person is a specific crime proscribed by 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30). That section prohibits "the manufacture, delivery, or possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance" by an unregistered person, except as the Act authorizes. The section says nothing about criminal conspiracy, which is proscribed by 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a). This latter provision is contained in the Crimes Code, an entirely separate statute from the Controlled Substances Act. Moreover, Section 903(a) of the Crimes Code does not relate specifically to drug-related crimes, but rather covers conspiracies to commit any crime. Furthermore, Section 903(a) does not contain any sentencing provisions.
Our task in interpreting a statute is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a); Commonwealth v. Dickson, 591 Pa. 364, 918 A.2d 95, 100 (2007). The Statutory Construction Act admonishes that "[w]hen the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit." 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c). Additionally, penal provisions of a statute, such as 35 P.S. § 780-113(k), must be strictly construed. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(b)(1); Dickson, supra at 100 (); Commonwealth v. Booth, 564 Pa. 228, 766 A.2d 843, 846 (2001) () . Moreover, words and phrases may be added in construing a statute only when the added words are necessary to a proper interpretation, and so long as they do not in any way affect the statute's scope and operation. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1923(c). Applying these precepts to 35 P.S. § 780-113(k), it is evident that the Superior Court erred in its construction here.
The plain language of Section 780-113(k) clearly and unambiguously requires that a mandatory minimum sentence be imposed on "[a]ny person convicted of manufacture of ... methamphetamine...." Construing this language narrowly requires that it be applied only to manufacture; it cannot be deemed to encompass conspiracy to manufacture. See Commonwealth v. Young, 922 A.2d 913, 918 (Pa.Super.2007) () (emphasis in original).6
The Superior Court interpreted Section 780-113(k) to apply to conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine on the basis that conspiracy is a crime of the same grade and degree as the crime of manufacturing methamphetamine. Hoke, supra at 306, citing 18 Pa.C.S. § 905(a) (). The grades and degrees of crimes in Pennsylvania are set forth in Section 106 of the Crimes Code. 18 Pa. C.S. § 106 (Classes of offenses). Because Section 905(a) equates the grades and degrees of inchoate crimes (attempt, solicitation, and conspiracy) with the grades and degrees of the respective underlying crimes to which inchoate crimes relate under Section 106, the two sections are in pari materia. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1932(a) (). Accordingly, under the Statutory Construction Act, we must, if possible, construe the two sections together as one statute. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1932(b) ().
Section 106(a) of the Crimes Code specifies the degrees of the various classes of crimes, and Section 106(b) specifies maximum sentences for crimes based on degree. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 106. The legislature's equating, in Section 905(a), the grades and degrees of inchoate crimes with the grades and degrees of the underlying crimes, set forth in Section 106, therefore means that inchoate crimes have the same maximum sentences as the underlying crimes to which they relate. See Commonwealth v. Watson, 945 A.2d 174, 178 (Pa.Super.2008) (). Neither Section 106(b) nor Section 905(a) states any minimum sentence for any crime. Unless a statute provides otherwise, the grade and degree of a crime are not determinative of whether a mandatory minimum sentence applies to a particular crime.7
In contrast to Section 780-113(k), certain other mandatory minimum sentencing statutes in Pennsylvania specifically apply to conspiracy and other inchoate offenses, thus demonstrating that the legislature was aware of the distinction between inchoate and substantive crimes and knew how to impose a mandatory minimum sentence for inchoate crimes if and where it...
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