Com. v. Jackson, Record No. 971431.

• Decision Date: 17 April 1998
• Docket Number: Record No. 971431.
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Virginia v. Lynnette M. JACKSON.

499 S.E.2d 276

255 Va. 552

COMMONWEALTH of Virginia v. Lynnette M. JACKSON.

Record No. 971431.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

April 17, 1998.

Romeo G. Lumaban, Jr., Hampton, for appellant.

Charles E. Haden (Walter C. Whitt, Jr., on brief), Hampton, for appellee.

Present: All the Justices.

KOONTZ, Justice.

In this appeal, we consider whether under the specific facts of this case a person who has entered a plea of nolo contendere to a criminal charge is entitled to have her arrest record subsequently expunged under Code § 19.2-392.2.

The facts are not in dispute. On January 10, 1995, Lynnette M. Jackson entered a plea of nolo contendere to a charge of misdemeanor concealment of merchandise, Code § 18.2-103, in the General District Court of the City of Hampton. That court found the evidence sufficient to convict, but refrained from entering a judgment of guilty and imposing sentence on condition that Jackson be on "good behavior," pay court costs, and not return to the store where the act of concealment occurred for one year. One year later and upon stipulation from the Commonwealth that Jackson had complied with these conditions, that court dismissed the charge.

On March 25, 1997, Jackson filed a petition in the Circuit Court of the City of Hampton seeking expungement under Code § 19.2-392.2 of the police and court records related to the concealment charge. In the petition, Jackson alleged that she "was innocent of any and all charges."

The Commonwealth did not file an answer, but appeared at the hearing on the petition, opposing it on the ground that Jackson was not "innocent" as contemplated in the statement of policy governing expungement contained in Code § 19.2-392.1. The Commonwealth asserted that the general district court's determination that the evidence was sufficient to convict her precluded Jackson from asserting her innocence in the expungement proceeding. In support of its position, the Commonwealth relied upon Gregg v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 504, 507, 316 S.E.2d 741, 742-43 (1984), for the proposition that "[t]he expungement statute applies to innocent persons, not those who are guilty." Alternately, the Commonwealth asserted that, under the holding in Gregg, the charge against Jackson was not "otherwise dismissed" within the meaning of Code § 19.2-392.2(A)(2).

In granting the petition for expungement, the circuit court distinguished Gregg on the ground that the defendant in that case had entered a plea of guilty to the charge subsequently dismissed following deferral of judgment, whereas Jackson had pled nolo contendere. The trial court's final order directed that the police and court records of Jackson's arrest on the concealment charge be expunged. We awarded the Commonwealth this appeal.

On appeal, the Commonwealth reasserts the arguments it advanced in the circuit court. In response, Jackson asserts that the circuit court properly distinguished Gregg from her case based upon her entry of a plea of nolo contendere rather than a guilty plea. Moreover, she asserts that, as a result of amendments to Code § 19.2-392.2 enacted subsequent to our decision in Gregg, this statute no longer restricts expungement to those dismissals involving innocent defendants. Specifically, Jackson relies upon the 1992 amendment to Code § 19.2-392.2(A)(2) to include charges dismissed "by accord and satisfaction pursuant to § 19.2-151" and the amendment of Code § 19.2-392.2(E) to include the provision that "if the petitioner has no prior criminal record and the arrest was for a misdemeanor violation, the petitioner shall be entitled, in the absence of good cause shown to the contrary by the Commonwealth, to expungement of the police and court records relating to the charge." In short, Jackson argues that these amendments modify the applicability of Gregg and allow expungement in the case of a person convicted of a first-offense misdemeanor and in such cases shift the burden to the Commonwealth to show why the records should not be expunged.

We first consider whether the trial court properly distinguished Gregg on the ground that the defendant in that case entered a plea of guilty, whereas Jackson entered a plea of nolo contendere. Asserting that a plea of nolo contendere is not a confession of guilt, Jackson contends that there has been no determination of guilt in her case, and she should be considered an "innocent person" entitled to petition for expungement. We disagree.

We recognize that a plea of nolo contendere is not a confession of guilt and has no effect beyond permitting the court to impose sentence in a particular case. Roach v. Commonwealth, 157 Va. 954, 959, 162 S.E. 50, 51 (1932). Nonetheless, by entering a plea of nolo contendere, the defendant "implies a confession ... of the truth of the charge ... [and] agrees that the court may consider him guilty" for the purpose of imposing judgment and sentence. Honaker v. Howe, 60 Va. (19 Gratt.) 50, 53 (1869). Thus, while not an admission of guilt, neither is a plea of nolo contendere a declaration of innocence equivalent to a plea of not guilty. Roach, 157 Va. at 960, 162 S.E. at 52; Honaker, 60 Va. (19 Gratt.) at 53.

The difficulty with Jackson's position is that she views her plea of nolo contendere in isolation from the proceeding in which it was entered. The plea was not the sole basis for the general district court's action. That court did not merely accept the plea, but further determined that the evidence was sufficient to prove Jackson's guilt of the offense and then "deferred" judgment.¹ Jackson agreed to abide by the terms imposed by the court, and the charge was dismissed upon her satisfactory completion of those terms. In these respects, the present case is indistinguishable from Gregg. We hold that, based on the record of the criminal prosecution, Jackson is precluded from maintaining her innocence in the expungement proceeding because, as in Gregg, the record that would be expunged affirmatively establishes her guilt of the offense.

We must now consider Jackson's contention that even if she is not an "innocent person" under the rationale of Gregg, the subsequent amendments to Code § 19.2-392.2 have altered the further holding of that case that a dismissal following a deferral of judgment of guilt is not a case "otherwise dismissed."² Code §...