Com. v. Martin

• Decision Date: 04 February 1969
• Citation: 355 Mass. 296,244 N.E.2d 303
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Edward MARTIN.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 303

244 N.E.2d 303

355 Mass. 296

COMMONWEALTH v. Edward MARTIN.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.

Argued Dec. 2, 1968.

Decided Feb. 4, 1969.

Reuben Goodman, Boston, for defendant.

Newman A. Flanagan, Asst. Dist. Atty. (Richard E. Rafferty, Legal Asst. to Dist. Atty., with him), for the Commonwealth.

Before WILKINS, C.J., and SPALDING, WHITTEMORE, CUTTER, KIRK, SPIEGEL, and REARDON, JJ.

SPALDING, Justice.

The defendant was convicted under an indictment charging unarmed robbery. On disposition the judge examined the probation report consisting of two parts, which will hereinafter be referred to as part one and part two. Part one contained the defendant's criminal record; part two contained 'information about the defendant gathered by the probation department from the defendant himself, former employers of the defendant and others.' Counsel for the defendant asked that he be allowed to examine the entire probation report. The judge permitted counsel to examine part one but did not permit an examination of part two. This ruling, to which the defendant excepted, presents the sole question for decision. The judge imposed a sentence of not less than four and not more than twelve years in the Correctional Institution at Walpole.

The defendant argues that he was entitled to examine the entire report under (1) the Massachusetts statutory provisions, (2) the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States and art. 12 of our Declaration of Rights, or (3) the requirements of 'the proper administration of criminal justice.'

General Laws c. 276, § 85, provides in part that a probation officer in the case of a criminal prosecution charging an offence punishable by imprisonment for more than a year shall 'present to the court such information as the commissioner of probation has in his possession relative to prior criminal prosecutions, if any, of such person and to the disposition of each such prosecution, and all other available information relative thereto * * * before disposition of the case against him by sentence, or placing on file or probation.' Under G.L. c. 279, § 4A, the court is under a corresponding duty to 'obtain from its probation officer all available information relative to prior criminal prosecutions, if any, of the defendant and to the disposition of each such prosecution.' While §§ 85 and 4A speak in terms of 'the court' receiving the information, the practice apparently has been, as in the case at bar, to allow the defendant to see the report (part one here) relating to his prior prosecutions.

Another statute of significance concerning probation records is G.L. c. 276, § 100, which provides in part that under the direction of the commissioner of probation 'a record shall be kept of all such cases as the commissioner may require for the information of the justices and the probation officers.' Presumably it is this section which constitutes the basis for the portion of the report (part two) that contained information gathered from the defendant, his former employers, and others. But § 100, unlike § 85 and § 4A, provides, 'The information so obtained and recorded shall not be regarded as public records and shall not be open for public inspection but shall be accessible to the justices and probation officers of the courts, to the police commissioner for the city of Boston, to all chiefs of police and city marshals, and to such departments of the state and local governments as the commissioner may determine.' Whether the defendant has a right to see the entire report either under or apart from the statute is a question that this court has never been called upon to decide. It is to be noted, however, that such right is not specifically granted by the statute.

Approximately one month after the imposition of sentence, the Legislature enacted St.1968, c. 333, which amended both § 85 and § 4A to provide that prior to disposition the 'record of the probation officer shall be made available to the defendant and his counsel for inspection.' Counsel for the defendant urges that since this statute became operative before the case was entered in this court the defendant is entitled to the benefit of it within the principle enunciated in Commonwealth v. Spofford, 343 Mass. 703, 707, 180 N.E.2d 673. But we do not reach that question. The part of the report in question here is the portion covered by § 100, which the 1968 statute did not amend. We conclude, therefore, that there was no statutory requirement that the defendant be furnished with part two of the report.

We now turn to the argument that art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights and the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States require that the defendant be allowed to examine the entire report.

In Williams v. People of State of New York, 337 U.S. 241, 69 S.Ct. 1079, 93 L.Ed. 1337, the judge in imposing sentence had, pursuant to statute, relied in part on information obtained through the court's probation officer. The contention was made that this was offenseive to the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment "in that the sentence of death was based upon information supplied by witnesses with whom the accused had not been confronted and as to whom he had no opportunity for cross-examination or rebuttal * * *." Page 243, 69 S.Ct. page 1081 (quoting from New York v. Williams, 298 N.Y. 803, 804, 83 N.E.2d 698). It was held that once the guilt of the accused has been properly established, the sentencing judge, in determining the kind and extent of punishment to be imposed, is not restricted to evidence derived from the examination and cross-examination of witnesses in open court, but may, consistently with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, consider responsible unsworn or out-of-court information. See Williams v. Oklahoma, 358 U.S. 576, 584, 79 S.Ct. 421, 3 L.Ed.2d 516.

Williams v. People of State of New York, supra, is sometimes cited for the proposition that a defendant has no constitutional right to see a presentence report. See, e.g., Advisory Committee's Note to Rule 32, 39 F.R.D. 69, 193. But that issue was not decided in the Williams case. Rather the court dealt with the issue of whether the sentencing judge could rely on unsworn or out-of-court information furnished him by the probation officer in determining the sentence to be imposed. See Williams v. Oklahoma, supra, and Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 605, 606, 87 S.Ct. 1209, 18 L.Ed.2d 326. The court in Williams v. People of State of New York observed, however (fn. 18, 337 U.S. at p. 252, 69 S.Ct. at p. 1085), 'What we have said is not to be accepted as a holding that the sentencing procedure is immune from scrutiny under the due- process clause. See Townsend v. Burke, 334 U.S. 736, 68 S.Ct. 1252, 92 L.Ed. 1690.' After stating that a sentencing judge does not have to observe all the procedural limitations that would apply at the trial, the court reasoned 'We must recognize that most of the information now relied upon by judges to guide them in the intelligent imposition of sentences would be unavailable if information were restricted to that given in open court by witnesses subject to cross-examination. * * * Such a procedure could endlessly delay criminal administration in a retrial of collateral issues' (p. 250, 69 S.Ct. at 1084).

The defendant in effect concedes that in view of Williams v. People of State of New York, supra, the right of confrontation secured by the Sixth Amendment and by art. 12 of our Declaration of Rights does not apply to the procedure at sentencing. He argues, however, that the right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, as applied to the Staes by the Fourteenth Amendment, requires that the presentence report be disclosed. That there is a right to counsel at the sentencing stage of a case is established by decisions both of this court and the Supreme Court of the United States. Williams v. Commonwealth, 350 Mass. 732, 736, 216 N.E.2d 779; Croteau, petitioner, 353 Mass. 736, 738, 234 N.E.2d 737; Townsend v. Burke, 334 U.S. 736, 68 S.Ct. 1252, 92 L.Ed. 1690; Mempa v. Rhay, 389 U.S. 128, 88 S.Ct. 254, 19 L.Ed.2d 336. Thus, it is argued, in order that this right be exercised effectively counsel should have access to the presentence report. In support of this contention reliance is placed on Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541, 86 S.Ct. 1045, 16 L.Ed.2d 844. There the Juvenile Court judge waived jurisdiction and directed that the defendant be held for trial in the Federal District Court. The judge's decision appears to have been based in part on a report by the Juvenile Probation Section and the Social Service file, neither of which was made available to counsel. The court said, '(W)e conclude that, as a condition to a valid waiver order, petitioner was entitled to a hearing, including access by his counsel to the social records and probation or similar reports which presumably are considered by the court, and to a statement of reasons for the Juvenile Court's decision. We believe that this result is required by the statute read in the context of constitutional principles relating to due process and the assistance of counsel.' P. 557, 86 S.Ct. p. 1055. Later the court said, 'There is no irrebutable presumption of accuracy attached to staff reports. If a decision on waiver is 'critically important' it is equally of 'critical importance' that the material submitted to the judge--which is protected by the statute only against 'indiscriminate' inspection--be subjected, within reasonable limits having regard to the theory of the Juvenile Court Act, to examination, criticism and refutation.' P. 563, 86 S.Ct. p. 1058. We do not read the Kent case as laying down a constitutional requirement. That decision, as the court in a later opinion pointed out, 'turned upon the language of the statute.' In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 12, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 1436, 18 L.Ed.2d 527. The ...