Com. v. Richards

• Decision Date: 12 February 1998
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. James T. RICHARDS.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 419

690 N.E.2d 419

426 Mass. 689

COMMONWEALTH v. James T. RICHARDS.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Norfolk.

Argued Jan. 8, 1998.

Decided Feb. 12, 1998.

Brett J. Harpster, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

Margaret Wermer, Needham, for defendant.

Before WILKINS, C.J., and ABRAMS, LYNCH, GREANEY, FRIED, MARSHALL and IRELAND, JJ.

ABRAMS, Justice.

The defendant, James T. Richards, sent a series of allegedly annoying facsimile transmissions from his home in Attleboro to the WCVB TV Newscenter 5 in Needham. For this conduct, he was charged with making annoying telephone calls in violation of G.L. c. 269, § 14A. ¹ The defendant filed a motion to dismiss. A judge in the Dedham Division of the District Court Department allowed the motion. See Mass. R.Crim. P. 13(c)(2), 378 Mass. 871 (1979). The Commonwealth appealed. We transferred the case to this court on our own motion. We conclude that the statute does not apply to the sending of allegedly annoying facsimile transmissions. We affirm the dismissal of the complaint.

The Commonwealth argues that because facsimile machines communicate over telephone lines and employ some of the same features as telephones, they are simply telephones that transmit documents. Accordingly, the Commonwealth contends, to send an annoying facsimile transmission to someone is to "telephone[ ] another person," within the meaning of G.L. c. 269, § 14A. The defendant argues that the statute's plain terms refer to ordinary telephone calls and not to other forms of communication. We agree with the defendant.

A criminal statute must "define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited." Commonwealth v. Triplett, 426 Mass. 26, 29, 686 N.E.2d 195 (1997), quoting Commonwealth v. Twitchell, 416 Mass. 114, 123, 617 N.E.2d 609 (1993). Therefore, criminal statutes are strictly construed against the government. Commonwealth v. Wotan, 422 Mass. 740, 742, 665 N.E.2d 976 (1996), and cases cited. However, we do not reject "an available and sensible interpretation ... in favor of a fanciful or perverse one." Id. at 743, 665 N.E.2d 976, quoting Commonwealth v. Roucoulet, 413 Mass. 647, 652, 601 N.E.2d 470 (1992).

Although a person certainly might repeatedly send facsimile transmissions for the sole purpose of harassing, annoying, or molesting the recipient, that alone does not bring such conduct within the ambit of G.L. c. 269, § 14A, which prohibits "telephon[ing]" for this purpose.

We note that in the statute, the word "telephone" is used as a verb, not as a noun. To "telephone" is to place a telephone call that might result in an oral communication, even if the caller hangs up on the recipient answering the call and even if the caller only leaves a message on an answering machine. An ordinary person reading § 14A would understand it to apply to telephone calls for the type of communication described above and not to other forms of communication such as facsimile transmissions, even if they do involve telephone lines or similar features.

Comparison of § 14A with other statutes also reveals that it does not extend to facsimile transmissions. The Legislature has shown that it knows how to specify a form of communication when it wishes to do so. See, e.g., G.L. c. 3, § 39 ("facsimile transmission"); G.L. c. 265, § 25 ("verbally or by written or printed communication"); G.L. c. 272, § 99 B 1 (defining "wire communication").

General Laws c. 269, § 14A, was inserted by St.1964, c. 668, and was most recently rewritten in 1978, as appearing in St.1978, c. 379, § 3, before facsimile machines were in widespread use. At no time has the Legislature seen fit to amend § 14A to include any form of communication other than telephoning, although newer forms of communication now exist. We cannot infer that the Legislature intended § 14A to apply to communications technologies to be developed after the time of enactment or amendment. ² We conclude that, as a matter of law, G.L. c. 269, § 14A, does not apply to sending annoying facsimile transmissions over telephone lines. Any change in the statute is for the Legislature, not the courts.

The Commonwealth also raises a procedural objection. It argues that the motion judge should have held an evidentiary hearing to determine whether sufficient evidence existed to support the complaint. The basis for this dismissal, however, is not a lack of evidence ³ but the inapplicability of the statute to the complained-of conduct. Statutory interpretation is...