Com. v. Tanner

• Decision Date: 08 October 1998
• Docket Number: No. 97-P-239,97-P-239
• Citation: 45 Mass.App.Ct. 576,700 N.E.2d 282
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Lisa TANNER.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

Page 282

700 N.E.2d 282

45 Mass.App.Ct. 576

COMMONWEALTH v. Lisa TANNER.

No. 97-P-239.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts Suffolk.

Argued Feb. 17, 1998.

Decided Oct. 8, 1998.

Timothy M. Farris, Springfield, for defendant.

Amanda Lovell, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

Before BROWN, GILLERMAN and PORADA, JJ.

BROWN, Justice.

The defendant, Lisa Tanner, was convicted of distribution of a class B controlled substance and distribution of a class B controlled substance within 1,000 feet of a school zone. ¹ On appeal, she contends that the trial judge erred (1) in allowing in evidence (a) opinion testimony from a police officer as to her guilt and (b) unfair prejudicial comments regarding an uncharged drug transaction, and (2) in denying a motion for a mistrial when it became apparent that she had not been provided with significant pretrial discovery material. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Gallarelli, 399 Mass. 17, 20-21 & n. 5, 502 N.E.2d 516 (1987). She also contends that, cumulatively, these errors created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. In addition, she claims ineffective assistance of counsel. Although this may not have been the Commonwealth's finest hour, we are constrained to affirm. We will, however, discuss a grave concern we have with the manner in which the Commonwealth routinely utilizes expert testimony.

On July 11, 1996, at 10:30 P.M., Officer William Feeney of the Boston police department drug control unit conducted surveillance at the intersection of Tremont and Stuart Streets in front of a Christy's Market. Feeney surveyed the area through binoculars from the inside of a vehicle parked approximately 250 to 300 feet away. At trial, he testified that a woman and a man, later identified as the defendant and Charles Gomes, ² were standing together in front of Christy's when a white woman approached them and began talking. The woman handed Gomes some cash; he then spit an item out of his mouth, placed it into her hand, and she walked away.

Defense counsel objected to this portion of Feeney's testimony on the ground that it had not been disclosed during discovery. At sidebar, the judge overruled the objection, ruling the testimony admissible for the limited purpose of showing knowledge. See Commonwealth v. Stewart, 411 Mass. 345, 354, 582 N.E.2d 514 (1991). See also Liacos, Massachusetts Evidence § 4.4.7 (6th ed.1994). He then gave a limiting instruction to the jury. ³

When direct examination resumed Feeney stated, "[F]rom my experience, I believed a drug transaction had taken place." Trial counsel objected, claiming that the officer was commenting on the guilt or innocence of the defendant. The judge responded: "No. The evidence may be used only to the extent that it's appropriate in the case, on the officer's state of mind. The officer said that that's what he believed happened. We're taking it for that limited purpose."

Next, the officer testified that ten minutes after the transaction with the unidentified white woman, he observed the defendant and Gomes talking. The defendant then reached toward the front of her pants, pulled out an item, and gave it to Gomes. ⁴ Gomes appeared to pull an item apart, put something in his hand, move his hand up to his open mouth, then throw a clear plastic bag on the ground. Moments after this incident, a black male, later identified as Nathan Gilbert, approached the defendant and Gomes. After a brief conversation, Gilbert handed Gomes money; Gomes spit something into his hand and gave it to Gilbert. After describing this incident, Feeney commented that it "was consistent with a drug deal also." ⁵ (There was no objection to this testimony.) Feeney testified that Gomes then handed the money he had received from Gilbert to the defendant. Defense counsel objected to this statement and moved to strike it on the ground that there was nothing in the discovery he had received about the transfer of money from Gomes to the defendant. (The defendant had approximately $700 in cash on her person when she was arrested.) The prosecution conceded that the information was not in the police report, but argued that a police report "doesn't always have to say everything." The trial judge, after hearing brief arguments from the parties, denied the motion. ⁶

Gilbert was arrested and found with five small plastic bags of crack cocaine in his pocket. Soon thereafter, the defendant and Gomes were arrested. While approaching Gomes to arrest him, Feeney and the other officers noticed Gomes make a movement toward his mouth. They grabbed Gomes's hands and arms and wrestled him to the ground. When recalling the motion Gomes made towards his mouth, Feeney testified, over objection, "I felt it was consistent with, with the drug, the drug dealer with the drugs going into his mouth." ⁷

1. Expert testimony. First, we address the defendant's claim that Feeney's testimony exceeded the permissible bounds of expert evidence; we will also comment briefly on the difficult and confusing area of police expert testimony. Without question, there are many potential pitfalls in permitting a percipient police witness such as Feeney to provide expert testimony. See, e.g., Note, The Admissibility of Ultimate Issue Expert Testimony by Law Enforcement Officers in Criminal Trials, 93 Colum. L.Rev. 231 (1993). It is easy for the line between specific observations and expert generalizations to become blurred in these situations. For this reason, when possible, the practice should best be avoided. However, this is certainly not to say that, with adequate care, error must necessarily result from the admission of such evidence.

On the two occasions at issue here, the Commonwealth presented Feeney with questions as to his opinion, based on the facts of the case at hand. This alone, however, did not render the officer's testimony improper. Questions grounded in previously admitted evidence may be posed to an expert witness calling for an opinion within the expert's field of expertise, even if the witness's reply thereby touches on the ultimate issue of the case. The only limitation is that the subject matter discussed be within the witness's field of expertise and that the witness not directly express his views on the defendant's guilt. See Commonwealth v. Pikul, 400 Mass. 550, 554, 511 N.E.2d 336 (1987); Commonwealth v. Colin C., 419 Mass. 54, 59-60, 643 N.E.2d 19 (1994); Commonwealth v. Cordero, 34 Mass.App.Ct. 923, 924, 614 N.E.2d 1000 (1993). Indeed, as with any witness, the Commonwealth is entitled--indeed expected--to focus the expert's testimony on the facts at hand.

The real problem is the form of Feeney's testimony. As noted, he stated at one point, "[F]rom my experience, I believed a drug transaction had taken place." Later he opined that Gomes's actions were "consistent with, with the drug, the drug dealer with the drugs going into his mouth." While in the latter instance Feeney used the talismanic "consistent with" locution that both this court and the Supreme Judicial Court have approved in numerous prior cases, see, e.g., Commonwealth v. Johnson, 410 Mass. 199, 202, 571 N.E.2d 623 (1991), the former statement is very similar to expert testimony that we held improper in Commonwealth v. Woods, 36 Mass.App.Ct. 950, 951-952, 631 N.E.2d 1025 (1994), S. C., 419 Mass. 366, 375 & n. 13, 645 N.E.2d 1153 (1995). Nonetheless, we do not believe that reversal is required in this case. ⁸ See and compare Commonwealth v. Barbosa, 421 Mass. 547, 555, 658 N.E.2d 966 (1995).

In Woods, 36 Mass.App.Ct. at 951, 631 N.E.2d 1025, S. C., 419 Mass. at 375 n. 13, 645 N.E.2d 1153, percipient police witnesses opined that "a drug transaction had taken place" and one police witness testified that he believed that "the defendant was selling crack cocaine." These statements are the functional equivalent of the first contested remark here. Such testimony amounts to a personal assurance by the witness that the crime charged had occurred, and thereby constitutes an improper intrusion into the fact-finding function of the jury. Admission of the statement in that form, therefore, was error.

However, in view of the strength of the Commonwealth's case here, including the physical evidence of the drugs taken from Gilbert, the $700 recovered from the defendant, and Feeney's detailed eyewitness testimony, it is unlikely that Feeney's improper comment was a decisive factor for the jury. Contrast Commonwealth v. Lovejoy, 39 Mass.App.Ct. 930, 932, 656 N.E.2d 914 (1995). Even without such testimony, the jury would have known that Feeney believed that Gomes and the defendant had been involved in drug sales. The improper comment was made in reference to a transfer that was not part of the conduct upon which the complaint was based, further reducing the possibility for prejudice. As in Woods, 36 Mass.App.Ct. at 952, 631 N.E.2d 1025, S. C., 419 Mass. at 375-376, 645 N.E.2d 1153, the erroneous admission of the expert testimony was insufficiently prejudicial to require relief. See Commonwealth v. Rivera, 425 Mass. 633, 645-646, 682 N.E.2d 636 (1997) where Commonwealth's evidence is strong, no retrial required despite fact that police expert testimony exceeded permissible limits).

In assessing whether expert evidence strays over the line in cases such as this, in the end the sole touchstone should not be whether a witness uses any particular figure of speech. Despite the continued emphasis in the case law on whether a police witness testifies simply that observed conduct was a drug transaction or (by virtue of better coaching) states instead that a defendant's actions were "consistent" with a drug transaction, such semantical differences almost certainly make no difference to jurors. Consequently, the determination whether evidence is within the proper scope of opinion testimony should not turn exclusively on the precise locution used.

Rather, in determining whether particular expert testimony is lawful, the...