Com. v. Warren

• Decision Date: 09 June 1994
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Andre WARREN.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 240

635 N.E.2d 240

418 Mass. 86

COMMONWEALTH v. Andre WARREN.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Suffolk.

Argued April 5, 1994.

Decided June 9, 1994.

Jane A. Sullivan, Asst. Dist. Atty., for the Com.

Leo McAuliffe, Wollaston (Roger Witkin, Boston, with him) for defendant.

Before LIACOS, C.J., and ABRAMS, NOLAN, LYNCH and GREANEY, JJ.

ABRAMS, Justice.

The Commonwealth challenges an order of a Superior Court judge suppressing all evidence seized from the defendant, Andre Warren. A single justice of this court allowed the Commonwealth's application for leave to appeal and transferred the case to the full court. See Mass.R.Crim.P. 15(b)(2), 378 Mass. 882 (1979), as amended, 397 Mass. 1226 (1986). We now reverse the order allowing the defendant's motion to suppress.

Facts. On December 8, 1992, Sergeant Detective Mark Vickers of the Boston police department filed an affidavit in support of an application for a search warrant. The affidavit provided the following information: Vickers stated that an anonymous informant told him that drugs and firearms were being kept in the second-floor apartment of a three-story, three-apartment building in Roxbury. The informant described the occupants of the apartment as the defendant and a woman named Marcia Gunn. The informant gave a physical description of both Gunn and the defendant, as well as background information relating to their family and employment status.

The informant told Vickers that the defendant had been selling cocaine for the last three months, since his release from Federal prison in New York. Vickers stated that, within the past five days, the informant was inside the defendant's apartment and observed a shoe box containing "cooked cocaine" and "powder cocaine." The informant said that the shoe box was located under a bed in the larger of two bedrooms, the bedroom shared by Gunn and the defendant. The informant saw two firearms concealed in the bedroom, inside the third drawer of the "tallest dresser." The informant described the firearms in detail.

Within seventy hours prior to his affidavit, Vickers arranged with the informant to make a "controlled buy" of drugs at the defendant's apartment. After confirming the informant had no money or drugs, Vickers then gave the informant money with instructions to buy cocaine at the second-floor apartment. Vickers observed the informant enter the apartment building, leave a short time later, and then walk directly to a prearranged meeting location. Vickers did not see the informant enter the apartment itself. At the meeting place, the informant handed to Vickers a package which tested positive for the presence of cocaine. The informant described the purchase of cocaine from the defendant inside the second-floor apartment. Vickers then confirmed with telephone directory assistance that Gunn lived at that address. He could not confirm the telephone number given to him by the informant because Gunn's telephone number was unpublished.

Based on the information supplied by the informant, the controlled buy of cocaine, and the positive field test of the narcotics, Vickers requested a warrant to search the apartment for drugs, drug paraphernalia, and firearms. Vickers requested a no-knock search warrant to ensure the safety of all officers involved in the execution of the warrant, and to eliminate the likelihood that the suspects would have an opportunity to arm themselves in confronting the officers.

A magistrate issued a search warrant for cocaine, materials, and equipment used to distribute narcotics, and two firearms. The police executed the warrant, seized cocaine, marihuana, three firearms, a large amount of cash, and drug-related items. The defendant was arrested and charged with trafficking in cocaine, unlawful possession of marihuana with intent to distribute, and unlawful possession of firearms and ammunition. A Superior Court judge allowed the defendant's motion to suppress.

Discussion. We determine probable cause according to the principles developed under Commonwealth v. Upton, 394 Mass. 363, 476 N.E.2d 548 (1985), Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964), and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969). The Commonwealth must satisfy a two-pronged standard. Where information from an unidentified informant is relied on to supply probable cause to search, art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights requires that the affidavit apprise the magistrate of (1) some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded that contraband was where he claimed it was (the basis of knowledge test), and (2) some of the underlying circumstances from which the affiant concluded that the informant was credible or the information reliable (the veracity test). Commonwealth v. Upton, supra 394 Mass. at 375, 476 N.E.2d 548; Commonwealth v. Parapar, 404 Mass. 319, 321, 534 N.E.2d 1167 (1989).

Each prong of the Upton standard, the basis of knowledge and the veracity of the informant, must be separately considered and satisfied. Commonwealth v. Upton, supra 394 Mass. at 376, 476 N.E.2d 548; Commonwealth v. Blake, 413 Mass. 823, 827, 604 N.E.2d 1289 (1992). However, police corroboration of an informant's detailed tip can compensate for deficiencies in either or both prongs of the standard, and thus satisfy the art. 14 probable cause requirement. Commonwealth v. Cast, 407 Mass. 891, 896, 556 N.E.2d 69 (1990).

The defendant concedes that the basis of knowledge test is satisfied. The tip itself provides the informant's basis of knowledge. The informant personally observed drugs and firearms inside the apartment. See Commonwealth v. Carrasco, 405 Mass. 316, 321, 540 N.E.2d 173 (1989); Commonwealth v. Borges, 395 Mass. 788, 794-795, 482 N.E.2d 314 (1985).

Next we examine whether the veracity prong is satisfied. The affidavit did not contain any information from which the magistrate could conclude that the informant was credible. The affidavit did not state that the informant provided accurate information in the past as to seizures, pending cases, convictions, or other such information which would indicate reliability. See Commonwealth v. Perez-Baez, 410 Mass. 43, 45, 570 N.E.2d 1026 (1991); Commonwealth v. Valdez, 402 Mass. 65, 71, 521 N.E.2d 381 (1988). See also Commonwealth v. Rojas, 403 Mass. 483, 486, 531 N.E.2d 255 (1988). The police had confirmed that Gunn lived in one of the apartments in the building. Cf. Commonwealth v. Germain, 396 Mass. 413, 418, 486 N.E.2d 693 (1985) (police corroborated defendant's address, prior record of similar crimes, and the fact that he had large amounts of cash, and was making cash...