Commonwealth v. Olmande

• Decision Date: 12 September 2013
• Docket Number: No. 12–P–1638.,12–P–1638.
• Citation: 995 N.E.2d 797,84 Mass.App.Ct. 231
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Fritz OLMANDE.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

84 Mass.App.Ct. 231

995 N.E.2d 797

COMMONWEALTH

v.Fritz OLMANDE.

No. 12–P–1638.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.

Argued April 5, 2013.

Decided Sept. 12, 2013.

Adriana Contartese for the defendant.

Paul B. Linn, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

Present: VUONO, CARHART, & AGNES, JJ.

CARHART, J.

After a Superior Court jury trial, the defendant was convicted of four counts of rape of a child and one count of indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen years.¹ On appeal, he alleges that the prosecutor's closing argument deprived him of a fair trial; the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction of one of the charges of rape of a child; and the judge erred by not instructing the jury, sua sponte, on the lesser included offense of indecent assault and battery in connection with that rape of a child charge. We affirm.

Background. The victim in this case, whom we shall call Jenna,² was eighteen years old at the time of trial. The defendant was the boyfriend of Jenna's grandmother, with whom Jenna spent much of her childhood. At trial, Jenna testified that the defendant sexually assaulted her on numerous occasions and in various locations, from the time she was four years old until she was eight or nine years old.

One of those locations was the home of Jenna's aunt. On one occasion while Jenna was visiting, her aunt noticed that Jenna's underwear appeared inconsistent with what a child's underwear of Jenna's age should look like; rather, her aunt thought they appeared more consistent with the underwear of a sexually active adult.³When asked by her aunt if anyone was “messing with her,” Jenna stated, “No.”

Jenna testified that she disclosed the sexual assaults to her best friend, Teresa,⁴ when Jenna was in sixth grade. Although she could not recall the exact words she used to describe the assaults, Jenna testified that she was “feeling some type of weight at the time and ... needed somebody to talk to.” Jenna testified that she told Teresa the defendant “was having sex with [her] and ... touching [her] ... and [that she] was mad because he took [her] virginity.”

Teresa testified as a first complaint witness. She stated that Jenna told her that a close family friend had raped her and that he had touched her chest and her vagina. Teresa further testified that Jenna told her that the assaults had happened on more than one occasion.

The parties stipulated that when Jenna was thirteen years old she underwent a gynecological examination that did not reveal evidence of a sexual assault. A sexual assault nurse examiner, testifying as an expert, stated that it would be unlikely that a child rape victim would show discernible medical evidence of penetration after the passage of one year.

Discussion. 1. Closing argument. The defendant alleges that the prosecutor's closing argument was improper and that the error requires a new trial. We begin our analysis by determining whether there was error in the prosecutor's argument. If so, we must determine whether reversal is required by considering “[a] whether the defendant seasonably objected; [b] whether the error was limited to collateral issues or went to the heart of the case; [c] what specific or general instructions the judge gave the jury which may have mitigated the mistake; and [d] whether the error, in the circumstances, possibly made a difference in the jury's conclusions.” Commonwealth v. Kater, 432 Mass. 404, 422–423, 734 N.E.2d 1164 (2000), citing Commonwealth v. Kozec, 399 Mass. 514, 518, 505 N.E.2d 519 (1987).

In the present case, the defendant challenges the following remarks made by the prosecutor in her closing argument:

“Do you think it was easy for [Jenna] to come in here and talk about those things? You saw how embarrassing and humiliating it was for her to talk about that stuff. I want you to think about in your own lives a sexual experience or a sexual encounter that you've had with a consenting adult. Think about that, picture it. And then imagine somebody asking you to talk about that, especially the intimate details of it, to a group of strangers that you don't even know in a huge room and to be asked questions in a very intimate way about that stuff. It's really hard to talk about, and I ask you to think about that.

“Because this is a girl who is only eighteen years old. And why would an eighteen year old girl, what would be the motive for her to come in here and talk about events that are extremely humiliating in front of a room of strangers? I suggest to you there is only one thing that would motivate her to do that, and that's the truth, because she's telling the truth.”

Prosecutors may “[argue] forcefully for a conviction based on the evidence and on inferences that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.” Kozec, 399 Mass. at 516, 505 N.E.2d 519. Here, however, the defendant alleges the prosecutor, in effect, instructed the jury to place themselves in Jenna's shoes by asking them to “imagine” speaking about the incident of a sexual assault “to a group of strangers.” We agree. It is improper for the prosecutor to invite the jury into the victim's position and to attempt to arouse juror sympathy. Commonwealth v. Grinkley, 75 Mass.App.Ct. 798, 808–809, 917 N.E.2d 236 (2009). Additionally, the defendant contends that the prosecutor impermissibly argued that “only one thing ... would motivate [Jenna] to [testify] ... the truth.” While a prosecutor may argue that the jury should believe a witness based upon evidence presented at trial, a prosecutor cannot suggest the jury should believe a witness merely because the witness testified. Commonwealth v. Ramos, 73 Mass.App.Ct. 824, 826, 902 N.E.2d 948 (2009). Therefore, the remark was likewise improper.

A. Error was unpreserved. After closing arguments, there was a sidebar conference in which the following exchange between defense counsel and the judge occurred.

Defense counsel: “The other thing would be vouching for the credibility of certain witnesses. I don't think that was excessive so I'm not going to jump up and down too much about that. That's about all I have, Judge.”

Judge: “I didn't find any of the argument to be beyond the bounds of proper argument.”

Defense counsel: “Oh, I'm not suggesting that it was, Judge.”

Judge: “No, I just want to make a record that I didn't find any of the argument to be improper.”

The defendant argues that his trial counsel's allusion to the prosecutor's “vouching for the credibility of certain witnesses” sufficiently notified the judge that the defendant objected to the aforementioned remarks. We disagree. A party must “make[ ] known to the court the action which [the party] desires the court to take or [the party's] objection to the action of the court.” Mass.R.Crim.P. 22, 378 Mass. 892 (1979). “[T]rial counsel need not achieve perfection in identifying every impropriety ... so long as the objection alerts the judge to the grounds on which trial counsel objected to the prosecutor's closing argument.” Commonwealth v. Hollie, 47 Mass.App.Ct. 538, 541 n. 3, 714 N.E.2d 827 (1999).

Here, after the judge stated that he viewed the prosecutor's remarks as within the bounds of proper argument, defense counsel responded by making it clear that he was “not suggesting” the argument was improper. Given this response, we conclude that trial counsel failed to alert the judge to the error now asserted on appeal. See Commonwealth v. Ortiz, 50 Mass.App.Ct. 304, 309–310, 737 N.E.2d 482 (2000). Because there was no objection to the prosecutor's closing argument, we review to determine whether the error created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.⁵Id. at 310, 737 N.E.2d 482. B. Significance of error. While the prosecutor's improper remarks touched upon a central issue in the case, namely Jenna's credibility, see Commonwealth v. Lewis, 465 Mass. 119, 131, 987 N.E.2d 1218 (2013), the jury's verdict likely also was based on the testimony provided by Jenna's aunt, who, as we noted, stated that on one occasion Jenna's underwear looked more like that of a sexually active adult than of a child.

The jury also had to consider whether the first complaint witness (Teresa) and Jenna's grandmother were credible. Thus, the remarks at issue, while affecting one central issue, did not go “to the very heart of the case” and did not strike “at the defendant's sole defense.” Commonwealth v. Shelley, 374 Mass. 466, 471, 373 N.E.2d 951 (1978), S.C.,381 Mass. 340, 409 N.E.2d 732 (1980). Contrast Commonwealth v. Beaudry, 445 Mass. 577, 585, 839 N.E.2d 298 (2005) (“verdicts rested solely on the jury's believing [the victim]”); Ramos, 73 Mass.App.Ct. at 826–827, 902 N.E.2d 948 (verdict “rested entirely on the credibility of the complaining witness”).

C. Judge's instructions. Before trial commenced, the judge told the jury that “closing arguments are bookends.... [W]hat the attorneys say to you is not evidence in the case. Evidence comes exclusively from the testimony of the witnesses.... [A]ttorneys are not witnesses in the case. They weren't there, they themselves don't know what went on.” Again, immediately before closing arguments, and as our cases and legal authorities advise, the judge reminded the jurors that closing arguments are not evidence.⁶ And then, furthermore, after closing arguments concluded, the judge further instructed the jury:

“You must determine the facts based solely and entirely upon the evidence you've seen and heard in this courtroom and nothing else. No bias, no prejudice, no fear, no favor. You are not to be swayed by personal likes or dislikes. Emotion or sympathy, passion or prejudice have no place in your deliberations.”

Thus, during the span of a trial of less than three days, the judge instructed the jury three times that closing arguments are not evidence. We presume, as we must, that the jury follow the judge's instructions and understand the argumentative, not factual, nature of closing arguments. Se...