Commonwealth v. Rife

• Decision Date: 26 November 1973
• Citation: 454 Pa. 506,312 A.2d 406
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Hillen Griffin RIFE, Appellant. COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v Larry Eugene HUGHES, Appellant.
• Court: Pennsylvania Supreme Court

312 A.2d 406

454 Pa. 506

COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Hillen Griffin RIFE, Appellant.

COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v Larry Eugene HUGHES, Appellant.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

November 26, 1973.

Ronald J. Hagarman, Gettysburg, F. Lee Bailey Bailey, Alch & Gillis, Boston, Mass., Gerald Alch, John A Daly, John R. Truman, Boston, Mass., for appellants.

Oscar F. Spicer, Dist. Atty., Gettysburg, for appellee.

Before EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.

OPINION OF THE COURT

POMEROY Justice.

On March 26 1971 appellants, Hillen G. Rife and Larry Hughes, and four codefendants below were engaged in a fight in Abbottstown, Adams County, Pennsylvania with Paul Shoemaker and Austin Shoemaker, two brothers, and one Laverne Legore. The Shoemakers sustained injuries in the affray, and Legore was killed by a severe blow to the chest. Following a trial without jury, appellants were found guilty of voluntary manslaughter with respect to Legore and of aggravated assault and battery with respect to Paul and Austin Shoemaker. Each was sentenced to concurrent terms of 1 1/2 to 7 years on the manslaughter charge and 6 to 12 months on the assault and battery charge. These appeals followed. ^[1]

I.

Appellants first contend that the Commonwealth's evidence was insufficient to establish their guilt of manslaughter beyond a reasonable doubt. As we said in Commonwealth v. Cimaszewski, 447 Pa. 141, 143, 288 A.2d 805, 806 (1972):

It is axiomatic that where the prosecution has won the verdict at trial appellate courts are bound to review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth together with all reasonable inferences flowing therefrom. Commonwealth v. Miller, 445 Pa. 282, 284 A.2d 739 (1971); Commonwealth v. Ewing, 439 Pa. 88, 264 A.2d 661 (1970).

The evidence in the instant case, considered in light of the above standard, was sufficient for the court to have found the following facts. ^[2] Following a disturbance in the Hofbrauhaus, a bar in Abbottstown, the defendants left at closing time and the Shoemakers and Legore followed. In the street in front of the bar a commotion took place among members of the Shoemaker group and the defendants in which some shoving and threats were exchanged, the defendants participating in varying degrees. The defendants then went to their automobiles and began to drive away. As the cars passed the Hoffbrauhaus entrance, the Shoemaker brothers kicked at them. Further up the street the defendants stopped their cars and alighted, pursued by the Shoemakers. Shots were fired at the Shoemakers as they approached. A fight then occurred in which all six defendants participated, the two appellants playing principal roles. The Shoemaker brothers were knocked down, whereupon Legore entered the affray with a weapon, a mason's long level, with which he struck Larry Hughes. In the fighting both Shoemakers were felled to the ground, Paul being rendered unconscious; Legore was killed by a blow to the chest from the level. According to their own testimony, both appellants engaged in the struggle with Legore. Appellant Hughes had called to appellant Rife for help when struck by Legore with the level. Rife came to Hughes' aid and together they fought with Legore. Despite their denials that either one struck the deceased with the level, there was ample testimony from which the trial court could infer that one or the other of the appellants had struck the fatal blow.

There was sufficient evidence of shared criminal intent and activity to find that appellants were accomplices, and they may, therefore, be held responsible for one another's acts and those of their codefendants. Commonwealth v. Coyle, 415 Pa. 379, 203 A.2d 782 (1964); Commonwealth v. Lowry, 374 Pa. 594, 600, 98 A.2d 733, 736 (1953) cert. denied, 347 U.S. 914, 74 S.Ct. 479, 98 L.Ed. 1070 (1954); Commonwealth v. Thomas, 357 Pa. 68, 72, 53 A.2d 112, 114 (1947); Commonwealth v. Strantz, 328 Pa. 33, 40, 195 A. 75, 79 (1937); Cf. Commonwealth v. Wilson, 449 Pa. 235, 296 A.2d 719 (1972). As we said in Commonwealth v. Strantz, Supra;

If one aids and abets in the commission of a crime, he is guilty as a principal. One is an aider and abettor in the commission of any crime, i.e. he has 'joined in its commission', if he was an active partner in the intent which was the crime's basic element . . .. 'The least degree of concert or collusion between the parties to an illegal transaction makes the act of one the act of all.' No principle of law is more firmly established than that when two or more persons conspire or combine with one another to commit an unlawful act, each is criminally responsible for the acts of his associate or confederate committed in furtherance of the common design.

The evidence was clearly sufficient to support the verdicts of guilty of voluntary manslaughter.

II.

Turning to the aggravated assault and battery charge, the elements of the offense as set forth in the Penal Code ^[3] are as follows:

Whoever unlawfully and maliciously inflicts upon another person, either with or without a weapon or instrument, any grievous bodily harm, or unlawfully cuts, stabs or wounds any other person, is guilty of (aggravated assault and battery).

The evidence showed that Paul Shoemaker suffered a skull fracture and concussion resulting in loss of memory as a result of blows inflicted by appellant Rife. There is no doubt that this injury was, as the trial judge found, 'grievous bodily harm'. Austin Shoemaker's injuries were less serious. A police officer who arrived on the scene after the defendants had departed testified that '(Austin) had cuts that were open on the bridge of his nose, he had a blackened eye, . . . and he had abrasions . . . along the side of his head. . . . His elbow, right at the joint, it had the skin scraped off but it was not bleeding.' Austin Shoemaker himself testified: 'I was bruised and I had a blackened eye and I had a large abrasion on the left of my head on one side.' These resulted, apparently, from Austin's being knocked down by a car, followed by a kicking of his head by one of the defendants before he could get up and by being hit on the legs by Hughes, who came after him with the mason's level. While it is arguable that Austin's injuries do not rise to the category of 'grievous' bodily harm, the evidence is sufficient to support the finding of the trial court that he was wounded with a weapon of some sort, whether the automobile, the level, or defendant Poist's boot. We conclude that as to both appellants the court was fully justified in finding that both Paul and Austin Shoemaker were the victims of an aggravated assault and battery within the meaning of the Penal Code. See Commonwealth v. Holgate, 75 Pa.Super. 471, 476--477 (1921); Commonwealth v. Houck, 43 D & C. 687, 702 (Q.S. Clinton Co.1942).

We turn to appellants other contention, viz., that the judgments must be reversed because inconsistent. The voluntary manslaughter indictments charged that appellants did

unlawfully, intentionally and feloniously, but Without malice, kill and slay one Laverne Alton Legore. . . . (Emphasis added.)

The indictments for aggravated assault and battery charged that appellants did

unlawfully, willfully and Maliciously make an aggravated assault and battery upon . . . Austin C. Shoemaker and Paul Shoemaker . . .. (Emphasis added.)

The appellants were found guilty on both charges.

Appellants argue that because 'what small evidence there is shows distinctly that appellants Rife and Hughes were catapulted into the fight against all three assailants equally' and because 'aggravated assault . . . demands the essential ingredient of Malice, whereas voluntary manslaughter expressly Denies the presence of malice,' the verdicts are inconsistent. We find no merit in this argument.

The evidence simply does not require the finding of equal malice as to all three assailants for which appellants argue. Only the Shoemakers were involved in the disturbance with the defendants inside the bar and the shoving, threatening and kicking of cars outside. Moreover the defendants saw the Shoemakers running up the street toward them and fired at them. Legore, on the other hand, surprised appellants, entering the fight at a later stage and with a weapon. Clearly the trial judge could have found from the evidence that appellants acted maliciously with respect to the Shoemakers, but in the heat of passion with respect to Legore.

More importantly, appellants argument is based upon a misconstruction of the term 'malice'. Malice in the legal sense is not merely a description of an actor's state of mind. For example, had appellants, with the same state of mind as they had in the instant case, struggled with Legore and struck him with the level, thereby...